Human resources managers, especially within the tourism industry, are currently facing some major issues. The continued growth in tourism in British Columbia, and the impacts of that growth on the workforce, are outlined in the 2012 Tourism Labour Markey Strategy (TLMS) prepared by go2HR, BC’s Tourism Human Resource organization. For more information on go2HR and the TLMS, visit www.go2hr.ca

One major issue is the expected tourism labour shortages over the 10-year period of 2012-2022, especially for cooks and chefs (go2HR, 2012). When tourism operators are unable to find enough staff, they typically react by either cutting back on services for visitors or working longer hours themselves. Service cutbacks can result in lower visitor satisfaction, fewer repeat visits, and a decline in positive word-of-mouth advertising. Working longer hours might keep visitors happy, but doing so can leave operators exhausted, stressed, and questioning their career choice. As well, customers may be less satisfied if workers are too tired to provide efficient, friendly service or if the quality of the food is not up to standard due to a shortage of kitchen staff.

Another issue currently facing human resources managers today is the changing demographics of the labour force in British Columbia. Tourism has historically relied heavily on young people to fill positions in the industry, but Canadian-born youth are declining in proportion to other sources of labour. As noted in the report British Columbia 2022 Labour Market Outlook, “Given the aging population challenge facing B.C. and the decreasing number of new entrants to the labour market over the forecast period, B.C. will rely more on migrants as a source of new labour supply. Migrants to B.C. that arrive during the forecast period are expected to fill one-third of the total projected job openings in the province to 2022” (WorkBC, n.d.). These trends indicate that tourism operators will increasingly need to tap into the labour supply represented by migrants (including migrant youth), older workers, and other non-traditional labour sources in order to find the workers they need.

Human resources planning is an essential function that, if done properly, can result in the increased effectiveness, efficiency, and profitability of your business. The planning process aims to look ahead and forecast future HR requirements and determine how the different HR functions will be employed to ensure sufficient human resources are available.

The first and most important step in the planning process is understanding the needs of your business. To do this, you must identify your business’s values, mission, goals, and objectives and aim to align your plans with these. The mission and values are the foundation of what you are trying to achieve, and they provide direction for decision making and problem solving. The goals and objectives should have both a short- and long-term perspective. Short-term goals and objectives are usually established annually and support your business to achieve the long-term goals.

Whether you manage a small breakfast café or operate a 200-seat high-volume restaurant, you need the right employees with the right combination of attitude, skills, knowledge, and abilities for your business. The right employees will complement your existing business culture and positively impact your bottom line. This is another example of how the needs of your business provide direction for decision making, as the business culture is a product of the business’s values and mission.

The consequences of poor hiring practices and planning are profound. Employees who are not the right fit for your business are unlikely to stay long and can negatively impact your business in the long-term. Staff turnover is expensive and results in lost customer service, increased training time, low productivity, poor team morale, and the expenditure of valuable time and resources spent searching and interviewing to fill vacant positions. Making poor hiring decisions can cost you the equivalent of 6 to 18 months of a new employee’s annual salary.

Whether vacancies arise from the departure of staff or newly created positions that are required to meet business demands, determining the need for new employees is just the beginning of the process. The secret to successful hiring is being continually prepared for the hiring process.

Both short-term and long-term planning are essential for hiring. Asking yourself the following six questions before hiring can help with the process. Your answers will increase your success rate, save you valuable time and resources, and provide you with employees who can quickly fit well into your company.

1. How many new employees do I need?
2. How much should I budget for a new employee? What dollar amount do you need to allow for salary, training, and benefits?
3. What type of employee do I need? Do you require full-time, part-time, long-term, or seasonal employees? What skills do they need? What level/length of previous experience is important for the employees to have? Should they have supervisory experience?
4. What do I need my new employee to do? What specific duties will employees be responsible for? Are there any responsibilities outside the role?
5. When do I need the employee to start?
6. Where can I find my ideal candidate? What resources to find candidates have you used or do you know of? Who can you ask to learn about new resources?

The job analysis is a crucial first step. It’s the foundation of the recruitment and selection process.

Job analysis is the process of collecting information about the specifics of each job in the organization. A job analysis answers the question “What does the job involve?” It is a list of behaviours and skills required to do the job.

But how do you really know what the job involves? There are many ways to gather this job information depending on the size and scope of your operation. Methods can include:

• Surveys completed by current employees
• Managers interviewing employees who are currently doing the job
• General observation

It is important that all key stakeholders participate in the job analysis process to ensure the information is accurate and for employee buy-in. No one knows the job better than the person who does it, and both manager and employee perspectives are important so that the analysis captures all relevant duties and responsibilities in a non-biased way.

Once the job analysis is complete, you will have a sound base of information to move on to the next step of developing a meaningful job description that will be consistent with everyone’s understanding of the position.

Figure 2: Using a job description to create both the job ad and interview questions. Graphic created by Wendy Anderson and Robyn Mitz

A great job description is your road map to successful hiring, training, and evaluation. A job description summarizes the duties, responsibilities, and qualifications required for the position. A clear job will not only make every step of the hiring process easier, it will also make other human resources functions easier and more streamlined. (See Appendix 1 for an example of a job description.)

Here are some guidelines for creating an effective job description.

1. Identify the main duties and responsibilities of the position

• Summarize the most critical or important functions.
• List the daily, weekly, monthly, and annual tasks or responsibilities of the position. Use descriptive verbs to identify the skills required (e.g., manage serving staff, resolve customer complaints, coordinate shift schedules, complete food orders).

2. Be specific about the qualifications, skills, and experience required

• Consider requirements for education, work experience, technical skills, and “soft” skills (i.e., interpersonal skills, attitude) that an employee must have to succeed in the position.
• Identify the specific skills that you require (e.g., ability to solve problems with staff and guests tactfully and efficiently).
• Specify to what degree the candidate needs to possess the skills you require (e.g., for keyboarding skills, specify the speed and accuracy expected).
• Include the level of education and training needed to meet the requirements of the job.
• Be sure to include any specific training prerequisites (e.g., Red Seal, WorldHost, FOODSAFE, Serving It Right certificates), as well the number of years of experience in a similar position (e.g., minimum two years’ experience working in a high-volume restaurant).
• Determine which skills are essential for the position and which are an asset but not absolutely necessary.
• Be clear to what degree you are willing to train successful candidates once they are hired (such as offering an apprenticeship).
• Be realistic. Asking for too much may prevent suitable applicants from applying; asking for too little may attract too many underqualified applicants.
• Identify to which position this position reports.
• List which positions report to this position. In both these cases, the people in the positions may change but the reporting structure would not necessarily change.

3. Date the document

• Job descriptions are not static documents. As positions within the organization and the needs of the organization change, so do the job requirements. Therefore the job description needs to reflect these changes, and knowing the date the job description was last reviewed is very helpful.

In short, be sure to include the following components when creating a job description:

• Job title
• Main duties and responsibilities
• Skills, qualifications, and experience required
• Equipment and tools required
• Training requirements
• Working conditions (e.g., any travel requirements, heavy lifting expectations, hours of work, whether inside or outside work)
• Reporting structure
• Date

Hiring the wrong person can be frustrating and ultimately very costly for the company. Instead, you want to attract employees who respect and will uphold your business values. This simple principle is essential to your business success.

Remember that values are the principles, beliefs, and standards of excellence that guide how you run your business and how you interact with your employees, suppliers, and customers. Reviewing your business values and mission along with the job description before you post the position will help to attract the right employee, and will allow you to clearly identify your expectations to new employees. This hiring approach is often referred to as “hiring for the right fit” or “hiring for attitude.” Keep in mind that the hiring process has to be a win-win situation. You want the right person for the job and the future employee wants to work for the right organization that supports and is in line with his or her own values.

When to start the hiring process

To prepare a hiring timeline, work backwards from when you need a position filled. Doing this will help you determine when you need to start recruitment activities. In your calculation, it is important to factor in orientation and training time (e.g., does the new employee need to start training by June 1, or should the person be ready and trained as a sous-chef by this date?). Note that training periods can vary greatly depending on the complexity of the job and the experience of the employee.

Keep in mind that you may need to allow time to re-advertise if you do not find a suitable candidate right away. Other factors that can affect the hiring timeline are your location (are you in a favourable geographic area?) and the number of qualified candidates available with the expertise you are looking for (is the job market particularly competitive?).

Planning for the job ad/posting

Before you post the job opening, ask yourself these five questions

1. From what demographic or geographic pool am I trying to draw? For example, are you identifying as possible recruits local residents, youth, career changers, Aboriginal people, seniors, new immigrants, foreign workers?
2. How do I reach my ideal candidates? Where do your ideal candidates spend their time (e.g., school, sporting events, religious groups, industry networking events, career fairs)? What do your ideal candidates regularly read and in what format (e.g., local, community or regional newspapers, trade journals, online job boards, social media sites)?
3. Is there anyone within our organization who may know of someone, either personally or professionally, who would be suitable for the position? For example, does your sous-chef know another chef who is looking for a job?
4. What benefits will an employee receive besides wages? For example, do you offer flexible hours, seasonal work, a fun environment, a chance to give back to the community, an opportunity to work outdoors?
5. Do I have an existing employee who would be interested and qualified for this position or could be trained for the job? For example, is one of your line cooks ready to be trained as a sous-chef?

Where to find your ideal recruit

You have a variety of options available to help you locate potential job candidates, both internally and externally. Some of these options are free while others require a financial investment, and each has different advantages and disadvantages that you will want to consider.

Identifying potential employees internally (including through word of mouth, friends, and family) can offer many benefits, including being typically the cheapest method of recruitment. Additionally, internal recruitment can help with team morale as they see the possibility of promotion from within. This can be a huge motiving factor for many employees. Internal recruiting can also provide consistency as the applicants know the organization, systems, values, etc.

However, internal recruiting may lead to having a stagnant workforce. Hiring from within may not provide the fresh approach you are looking for. Also, sometimes the right person for the job is just not available internally. Existing employees may not have the right mix of education, skills, or experience.

External recruiting through newspapers, appropriate Internet sites, radio, schools, and professional organizations can be effective, but can also yield a huge number of applications to sift through, both good and bad, which is very time consuming. Additionally, external recruiting can be expensive; job ads in prominent places such as online job boards and newspapers can cost hundreds or even thousands of dollars.

You will want to choose the recruitment tools that will bring you the greatest return on your investment and are most appropriate to targeting your profile recruits. Here are some tips for various recruitment options:

• Word of mouth: Ask for referrals from high-performing employees, business contacts, service providers, friends, and family.
• Internet: The Internet offers several options for finding employees. These include posting job openings on your company’s own website or on job search sites; looking for job seekers on resumé-posting sites; including information on available job openings as part of company blogs and on other social media sites (e.g., LinkedIn, Twitter, Facebook); and creating a virtual job fair. A key advantage of using the Internet to post job openings is the potential to reach a large job-seeking audience for little, if any, cost. However, be sure you have both the capability to receive a potentially large volume of online applications, as well as the staff resources required to properly review these applications for suitable candidates.
• Hospitality job search sites: A number of hospitality specific websites cover all aspects of the tourism industry, enabling employers to advertise positions in specific fields. Useful hospitality and tourism websites include www.go2hr.ca, www.hcareers.ca, and www.workopolis.ca (hospitality and tourism sections). The B.C. government has also recently invested a great deal into a provincial job board and other tools such as an apprentice job match at its WorkBC website.
• Professional associations and special interest groups: Trade associations and other industry organizations are a helpful source for finding qualified and motivated talent. Examples include:
  • Hospitality industry associations such as the BC Hotel Association, bchotelassociation.com, and the BC Lodging and Campgrounds Association, www.bclca.com
  • Professional trade organizations such as the BC Chefs’ Association, bcchefs.com, the BC Human Resources Management Association www.bchrma.org, and the Certified General Accountants Association of British Columbia, www.cga-bc.org
  • Immigrant organizations such as the Affiliation of Multicultural Societies and Services Agencies of BC, amssa.org
  • Seniors’ organizations such as CARP, Canada’s association for people 50 and older, carp.ca
  • Aboriginal associations such as the British Columbia Association of Aboriginal Friendship Centres, bcaafc.com
  • Disabled persons’ associations such as WorkAble Solutions, workablesolutionsbc.ca

• Schools: High schools, colleges, universities, and trade schools are all potential sources of employees, and many provide job-posting services for their students. Students tend to be highly motivated and eager to learn. Many schools also organize co-ops, practicums, or work experience placements for students, which are an excellent source of temporary or seasonal employees.
• Newspaper and other print advertising: Newspaper advertising remains a good way of raising awareness of all levels and types of job openings, and most will have online sections to complement those in print. Typically, the more senior the position, the further afield you should consider posting a newspaper ad. A disadvantage of newspaper advertising is that you may receive applications from many unqualified candidates, and these will take time to review. If you do select newspaper advertising as a source for potential candidates, remember to think carefully about who will be reading the publication (i.e., a more senior position may be better advertised in a large business-oriented publication or in the business section, whereas an entry-level position may attract more suitable candidates when advertised in a local daily publication). Advertising in industry-sector member publications and newsletters is also a great way to reach your target audience.
• Recruitment agencies and search firms: These agencies can handle all aspects of recruitment, up to and including negotiating an employment offer, and they are particularly useful for finding short-term employees, senior level hires, or people for positions where qualified candidates are difficult to find. Note: Be sure to carefully review all contract details and requirements before signing with a recruitment agency.
• Job fairs and open houses: If you have, or anticipate having, a number of job openings, you may want to consider attending job fairs and hosting open houses as a way to introduce your company to potential candidates and raise awareness of available openings. Check with your local college or university to see when their job fairs are held and what is required to participate as an employer. Whether you participate in a job fair, or host an open house at your business, be prepared to have the appropriate resources available to talk to future candidates and screen resumés.

The labour market will continue to change quickly so it is important to be creative and keep an open mind on new and alternative methods to drawing in top performers. Stay open to the possibilities of changing the way you choose to recruit as well as changes to your internal policies with regards to perks and benefits that go along with the job. Stay current on what others are doing within the industry and be competitive; why would someone choose to work for you over the restaurant next door?

Your job advertisement should reflect your company values and effectively communicate the various duties and responsibilities of the available position. For example, if your organization is free-spirited and encourages employees to show personal style, then depict that in your advertisement. Ultimately, the hiring process should be a “win-win” situation for both employer and employee.

You want individuals who want to come and work for you, so be sure to provide all the information in your advertisement that potential clients need. This includes:

• Qualifications required (professional qualifications/experience/skills and personal traits)
• How to apply (email, in person)
• Deadline for applications
• Company information and why a candidate would want to work for the company

See Appendix 2 for a sample job advertisement.

During a busy working season, it is easy to hire less-than-ideal candidates. But if you do that, often the result is creating more work for everyone in the long run. Making a hiring decision is one of the most important decisions that a manager or business owner can make. In this section we consider the first step: how to screen resumés. The following sections discuss preparing for and conducting interviews, checking references, and making the employment offer

Effective resumé screening

The goal of screening resumés is to select the most qualified applicants to interview so that you do not waste your time interviewing people who are not suitable for the available positions. Until you reach the interview process and are able to talk with the candidates face-to-face, the resumé is generally your only source of information about the candidate’s abilities, knowledge, and skills, unless someone you know has recommended the person, or you have had prior experience in working with him or her.

To help you screen resumés efficiently and select the most qualified candidates to interview, use the following step-by-step procedure:

1. Make a checklist and compare resumés

Create a checklist of the “must-have” and the “nice-to-have” skills, qualifications, and experience from the job description for the available position. Read through each resumé to determine if any applicants possess all of the must-have skills. If there are none, you may need to consider continuing with your recruitment efforts. Eliminate those resumés that do not meet your minimum requirements. Be wary of changing the must-have list to accommodate the experience and background of the applicants. It is important to maintain the integrity of the position you are trying to fill; hiring a less-than-qualified applicant will likely result in a short-term placement.

2. Categorize each applicant

Based on your initial review of the resumés, separate them into “yes,” “maybe,” and “no” piles:

• Yes: Applicants have all must-have skills and most nice-to-have skills.
• Maybe: Applicants have all must-have skills and a few nice-to-have skills.
• No: Applicants lack must-have skills and maybe also lack the nice-to-have skills.

As you categorize the applicants, flag those resumés that show:

• Frequent changes in employers and short periods of time with a company
• Large gaps in employment
• Jumps between lateral level positions (versus changing jobs for career progression)
• No dates assigned to previous jobs listed on resumé
• Spelling and grammatical errors
• Vague descriptions of duties and responsibilities
• Seemingly over-inflated role descriptions.

These factors are not necessarily reasons to rule out a candidate, but you should address them during an interview if a candidate makes it that far in the process.

3. Select candidates for interviews

Select applicants to be interviewed from the “yes” pile first. If, following the interviews, you do not find the right candidate, you can then move to the “maybe” pile. If you still do not find the right candidate, you will need to re-advertise your position to attract more qualified candidates.

4. Communicate with applicants

Depending on the volume of applications and company preferences, you may decide to communicate with all applicants or only those you invite to an interview. When applications are limited you may find yourself in a position of wanting to keep some potential candidates “warm.” This means that you do not indicate to the “maybe” candidates right way that they have not been selected for an interview. In the meantime you conduct interviews with the best possible candidates. This way if your preferred candidates do not work out as planned, you can still go to your “maybe” pile without candidates feeling they’re a second choice.

When the time is right, contact the applicants to let them know where you are in your hiring process and when they can expect a decision. This is a good way to position your company in a professional manner and to reduce the number of calls or emails you need to respond to from candidates who are eager to follow up. You can contact applicants by sending a simple email thanking them for their applications and what to expect next (e.g., only applicants selected for interviews will be contacted following the closing date).

Interviews may be conducted by telephone or in person. Telephone interviews are often used as a first step to assess whether a candidate may be suitable for a further face-to-face meeting. They are also useful when a candidate lives too far away for a face-to-face meeting because of cost and time restraints. In this case, interviewing by Skype (or similar software) can bridge the gap between having a telephone interview and an in-person interview.

However, whenever possible, telephone interviews should not take the place of personal interviews. Some personality traits and behaviours may be more evident in person, and the more time you spend with a potential candidate in person, the better your hiring decision will be. In-person interviews are sometimes held in conjunction with a performance-based interview (see below for more information on performance-based interviews).

Telephone interviews

If you choose to conduct a telephone interview consider the following tips:

• Contact the candidate either by email or telephone to arrange a mutually convenient time to conduct the interview. Let the candidate know the estimated length of the interview and confirm the best number to call. This courtesy allows the candidate time to research the position and operation and arrange the time for the interview adequately. During the interview, you can then assess whether the candidate is adequately prepared.
• Call the applicant at the confirmed time and introduce yourself. As an interview is is a highly confidential process, be sure to confirm that he or she is available and feels comfortable to talk at this time. Once you and the candidate have agreed that the interview can continue, ask whether he or she is still interested in being considered for the position.
• Let the candidate know who else is in the room with you, especially if you are putting the call on speaker phone.
• Listen carefully for tone of voice, energy, and enthusiasm in the candidate’s answers.
• Ask qualifying questions to determine whether the candidate possesses the basic skills and experience necessary. Try to determine the person’s attitude, work ethic, professionalism, and telephone manner. Pick two to three key questions to ask all candidates, such as:
  • What interested and motivated you to apply for this position?
  • Can you tell me what you know about this company and what we do?
  • What is your most memorable customer service experience?
• Avoid questions that allow yes/no answers. Using open-ended questions (questions that require more than just a yes or no or single word answer) will provide you with the information you will need to determine if you would like to move to the next step with the candidate. Starting questions with the word “what” will help you ask open-ended questions.
• Whenever possible, consider offering face-to-face interviews to all candidates who do well in a telephone interview.

Face-to-face interviews

Face-to-face interviews are an invaluable tool to determine if a candidate is a suitable fit for an organization and the best opportunity to ensure that the person’s characteristics, values, and experiences fit with your needs and overall corporate culture. Face-to-face interaction gives the interviewer the opportunity to properly communicate, read the applicant’s body language, and understand if the applicant uses professional mannerisms, seems sincere, and makes eye contact.

The interview process

Before you invite any candidate to an interview it is important to have a plan. You want to have developed your interview questions prior to the interview, and the questions should come from the job description you previously completed.

It is important to ask the same questions of each candidate, although some side questions may arise during conversation. Asking the same questions of each candidate will help you fairly compare candidates.

Spend time thinking about what you want to ask in an interview, and what answers you expect back. It may be helpful to make a list of some responses you are looking for to match with the responses of the candidates. Also, it is helpful if you determine the criteria for which responses exceed, meet, partially meet, or do not meet what you are looking for with the answers. It is helpful to create a template of the questions with some responses you are looking for and a space to indicate if the response meets those criteria. (An interview question template, including sample questions, is supplied in Appendix 3.)

Finally, consider what type of attitude and personality will fit with your team. For example, do you need someone with a new perspective to come in and shake things up in a positive way?

You may want to involve others within your organization in the interview and selection process. Having other managers and/or colleagues spend time with potential employees can complement your assessment and help further determine the qualifications and fit of individuals you are considering. Everyone’s perspective will be different, and a collective and collaborative approach to interviewing and selecting candidates can help assess suitability to both the job and the overall operation.

Once you have your plan, you need to prepare for the process of the interview:

• Introduction
• Questions
• Wrap-up

1. Introduction

To begin the interview, introduce yourself and any others who may be present and involved in the process. State your role(s) and make the applicant feel at ease. Let the applicant know how long you expect the interview to take and what to expect. For example, you might explain that there will be about 30 minutes of question followed by a short facility tour. Giving the applicant this kind or orientation to the interview will help make him or her more comfortable.

During the interview, let the candidate do the majority of the talking. The 80/20 rule is a good rule of thumb to follow (i.e., the candidate talks 80 percent of the time, and you ask questions, or answer the candidate’s questions, 20 percent of the time).

Tell the candidate about your company, your philosophies, the products, and the services offered. You can do this either at the start of the interview, or at the end. Some interviewers wait to describe these details of the position and organization until after they have asked all of the main interview questions to lessen the tendency of leading the candidate to the answers you may be seeking. For example, if you tell a candidate at the start of the interview that you are looking for someone who is very energetic, forward thinking, and embraces change, that may influence the person’s answers to your questions. However, you may reduce the risk of guiding the applicant’s responses by asking a behavioural descriptive question (see below).

2. Questions

The most effective type of interview question is one that encourages candidates to describe what they have actually done in the past, as opposed to focusing on hypothetical “what would you do if…” questions that are speculative at best, or closed questions requiring a simple yes/no answer.

A question asking how a candidate has done something in the past is a behavioural descriptive question. The principle behind this type of question is that the best indicator of a person’s future behaviour is his or her past behaviour. Additionally, behavioural descriptive questions give better insight into how well the candidate understands the situation and topic, as well as his or her knowledge base and learning abilities. You can formulate behavioural descriptive questions simply by asking about past behaviour instead of about hypothetical future behaviour. The following examples illustrate the difference between the two forms of questioning.

• Behavioural descriptive question: “Can you describe a situation where you dealt with a really angry customer who was waiting too long for food? Describe how you handled the situation, specifically what you did and said, and what the final outcome was.” (You might also ask, “What did your learn from this situation?”)
• Situational question: “How would you deal with a really angry customer who was waiting too long for food?”

The two questions are very similar, but can lead to very different answers. The first asks about a real situation and allows the candidate to explain something he or she actually did in the past, whereas the second question is situational and could be answered with any number of responses, depending on what the applicant thinks the interviewer wants to hear.

Not all questions need to be the behavioural descriptive type. Some issues do not lend themselves to this type of question, such as confirming education and experience qualifications. But keep in mind that the best indicator of a person’s future behaviour is their past behaviour.

Also remember that some of the questions may be difficult to answer, or if you ask about a situation in the past, it may take time for the candidate to recall a specific incidence. Let the candidate know that it is all right to take time to think of the answers before answering. This will make the person feel more comfortable if there is a moment of silence while he or she thinks. As an interviewer, do not be tempted to “help” candidates with answer or interrupt them.

3. Wrap-up

The best time to tell the candidate more about the job and what you are looking for is after asking all your predetermined questions. Lastly, but importantly, the candidate should be given the opportunity to ask questions. Encourage each candidate to ask any questions they may have about the specifics of the job and the company.

If a candidate has no questions, be sure to tell the person when you expect to make a decision. For example, if you have a week of interviews and then need approval from someone who is on vacation, say so. Nothing is worse for the candidate than waiting days for a phone call and not knowing when to expect it.

The interview is also a time when you can promote your company, encouraging candidates on the benefits of working there. But remember to stay professional; the interview provides a lasting impression of what the company is all about and will serve as a starting base for the impressions of your new hire. It can be helpful to consider that the candidate might be interviewing you, to determine if he or she wants to work for you, as much as you are interviewing the candidate.

Finally, always remember to thank all candidates for their time. Put yourself in a candidate’s shoes; interviews can be stressful and demanding.

Consider adding a performance-based part to the interview

Depending on the position available, it may be useful to ask the applicant to demonstrate his or her skills, knowledge, and attitude according to the comprehensive job description. Combining this performance-based interview with appropriate face-to-face questions greatly increases the chances of putting the right person in the right job.

For example, you might ask candidates for a cook position to demonstrate knife skills or to create a dish given some parameters. Or you might ask a server to demonstrate opening a bottle of wine table-side. Adding a performance-based component to an interview requires more time and effort to design, but it can pay off in the long run. If you are going to include a performance-based part to the interview, make sure to tell candidates ahead of time so they come well prepared.

Tips for effective interviewing

• Listen to your intuition, but do not settle on your first impression: Try to avoid basing your decision on a first impression without giving the candidate ample time to answer the questions. Another trap to avoid is having such a specific response in mind that it prevents you from considering a different response. As an interviewer, you must remain objective throughout the meeting, and even if the candidate makes a statement you disagree with, do not interrupt, dispute, or express judgment. Keep an open mind during the interview. Listen to your intuition, but ensure it is supported by what you have heard and seen during the interview. Avoid making a hiring decision simply based on “having a good feeling” about or liking a candidate.
• Be consistent: Use a consistent list of questions for all candidates to ensure you can make a fair comparison after the interviews are completed. Of course, you can still naturally follow a particular line of question based on the answers individual candidates provide to specific questions, but be sure to cover all the same basic lines of enquiry with each candidate. Take notes for every candidate so that you remember who said what during each interview. (It may help to have a designated note taker so you can concentrate on the candidate, or consider having several people on the interview panel who take turns with note taking.) As part of each interview, strive to identify candidates’ strengths and weaknesses as well as their plans and career aspirations.
• Practise active listening: Observe the 80/20 rule: the candidate talks 80 percent of the time. and you ask questions or answer the candidate’s questions the other 20 percent of the time. Give the candidate an opportunity to ask you questions about your company and business philosophies. The questions the candidate poses will give you insight into the person. When you are listening, be aware of how the candidate is responding. What is the tone of voice? What facial expressions and gestures is the candidate showing? Does the candidate sound excited about the experience and the opportunity to work in your organization, or does he or she seem to be just going through the motions of a job interview? Listen carefully to the words as well and ask for clarification of any points you don’t understand. The best way to get the best employee is to find out as much as you can about each candidate.
• Evaluate the interview after it is over: After each interview, evaluate each candidate based on his or her answers to your interview questions. For each question you asked, determine whether the response exceeded, met, partially met, or did not meet your criteria. Based on this rating, you can evaluate and compare the candidates more objectively. In addition to a candidate’s skills and experience, evaluate how well the individual would fit into the organization’s environment and culture. It is important that you are aware of what you are looking for in a candidate. Talk with others within your organization, such as the person who greets the candidates upon arrival, to get a sense of the candidate’s personality when not being formally interviewed. You can learn a lot about applicants by asking how they interacted with a front-line employee like the person at the reception area.

Always follow-up with each candidate interviewed, regardless of your final decision. This simple step will help leave a more positive lasting impression with the candidate and may prove beneficial in the event another employment opportunity arises in the future for which you may wish to consider a previously unsuccessful candidate.

Unfortunately, not everyone is totally honest, so doing reference checks is an integral part of the selection process. References should be professional or educational, not personal.

You may wish to consider conducting reference checks before interviewing candidates, particularly if there are any red flags on the resumé, as discussed above. This can save a lot of time if references don’t check out. Several hours and considerable expense can be incurred in interviews, travel, etc. only to find afterward that someone’s employment track record is poor.

When conducting a reference check, ask about:

• The applicant’s past performance on the job
• Position(s) held
• Duties and responsibilities completed successfully (and how these align with your detailed job description)
• Dates of previous employment
• Why the applicant left the job
• Whether the applicant would be rehired

When conducting the reference, remember that you are representing your company. Act professionally and respect the time of the person you are talking to. Whenever possible speak to the candidate’s direct supervisor as that person will know the most about the candidate’s day-to-day work habits and skills.

Be sure to document all information supplied by the applicant’s references. It, along with the interviewers’ feedback and impressions, will be important in making the hiring decision. Ensure all feedback is kept confidential; do not share it with others.

One of the shortcomings of the reference check is that it can put the previous employer in a difficult position. If he or she tells you the applicant was unreliable, moody, and difficult to get along with, and if the applicant finds out about these comments, the previous employer could be in a vulnerable legal position. For this reason some organizations refuse to give references and will only confirm dates of employment and position held, a policy that can make selection more difficult because you are denied information about previous behaviour.

Sometimes you may have to settle for the last question: “Would you hire the applicant again?” A simple “yes” or “no” speaks volumes. Sometimes you may have to read between the lines by listening to vague answers, tone of voice, hesitation, or silence.

Since some companies give only an applicant’s job title and the period the person was employed, it’s important to request references from every employer the person has had. Chances are you will find some previous employer who will provide useful information. When assessing candidate resumés, check for former employers that the applicant does not have a reference for; employment and reference gaps are worthy of follow-up. See Appendix 4 for a template that you may wish to use when checking references.

After selecting the best candidate, you need to make a job offer. Remember, you are not obliged to hire any of the applicants if you are not satisfied with them. A verbal job offer must be followed by a formal written offer of employment; this ensures that you and the candidate are fully aware of the terms and conditions of employment.

When making a verbal offer, ensure you:

• Congratulate the person on being the successful candidate.
• Enthusiastically welcome the candidate to your team.
• Re-state the position for which the candidate is being hired.
• Inform the candidate of the starting wage you agreed upon, as well as hours/days of work, benefits, vacation time, and any other relevant information
• Confirm the start date and time.
• Inform the candidate of any training programs he or she will be attending on the first day, including length and expectations.
• Inform the candidate of dress code standards.
• Inform the candidate that this information will be put into a formal letter for signing.

Once you have made the verbal offer, provide the candidate with a reasonable time frame to consider the decision and the opportunity to clarify any of the terms of the offer. Be prepared to reconsider your terms and conditions if the candidate asks to negotiate something. Once these details are agreed upon, make sure they are clear in the written offer you provide. The written letter should ask for the candidate’s signature and contain a company representative’s signature. After both of you have signed the letter, give the employee the original and keep a copy in the employee’s file.

Common components of an letter of offer include:

• Position title (attach a copy of the job description)
• Basic duties and responsibilities
• Position status (part-time, full-time, seasonal, temporary full-time)
• Start date
• Performance review expectations
• Salary and overtime
• Work schedule
• Probationary period
• Benefits and insurance entitlement
• Vacation entitlement and statutory holidays
• Union contract (if applicable)
• Training programs
• Bonus plan information, if applicable, and eligibility requirements
• Notice period requirements for termination of employment or resignation
• Reference to an employee handbook and/or any other included attachments/schedules

Don’t forget to include the date the letter is written and the date it is valid until, who it needs to be returned to, in what format, and how. See Appendix 5 for a sample letter of offer.

Informing unsuccessful candidates

Once you have selected and informed the successful applicant, and both of you have signed the letter of offer, you must inform the unsuccessful applicants as quickly as possible so they hear the news from you and not on the street.

The successful applicant is probably ecstatic and might want to tell the world how great your company is without any prompting from you. The unsuccessful people will naturally be disappointed and, unless you handle the situation correctly, they can become very poor ambassadors. Because there are usually many more unsuccessful applicants than successful ones, the potential for spreading bad news about your company is significant.

When informing the unsuccessful applicants, take a forthright and understanding approach. The conversation should be short and to the point. Start by telling them that they were not the successful in their application. You might express the sentiment that they were really good, but the selected person was better qualified. This is true, of course, otherwise they would not have been on the shortlist. Wish the unsuccessful applicants well. For those candidates who stood out, consider asking if you can keep their resumé on file should a similar position become available it the future. Most importantly in every instance, treat the unsuccessful applicants with dignity, respect, and empathy.

In Canada, human rights are guaranteed under the federal Charter of Human Rights, as well as under provincial legislation, such as the British Columbia Human Rights Code. The premise that forms the basis of these laws is that all people should be treated fairly, consistently, and in a dignified manner. In order to protect both your and your candidate’s rights in the hiring process, it is important to be familiar with the fundamental principles of human rights legislation and how it applies in the context of job interviews. You must also ensure that the questions you ask are not in any way as discriminatory.

A component of human resources management is the practice of legal discrimination. For example, you may decide to hire a person who has at least five years in marketing because the job requires that level of expertise. If two people apply for the job and only one has this qualification, you can legally discriminate. In other words, you have the right to offer the job to the best candidate.

However, there are areas in which you must not discriminate. The most familiar ones are race, sex, age, religion, and place of origin. (When hiring be sure to review the legislation for your jurisdiction.) Specifically the BC Human Rights Code sets out the following list of protected grounds that you cannot ask about or discriminate against:

• Race
• Colour
• Ancestry
• Religion
• Place of origin
• Age
• Sex
• Sexual orientation
• Marital status
• Family status
• Physical or mental disability
• Political belief
• Criminal or summary conviction offence that is unrelated to the employment or to the intended employment of that person

Interview questions should avoid these protected grounds and focus strictly on determining the applicant’s ability to perform the essential duties of the available position.

For more information on complying with human rights legislation, the following resources are available:

• Websites
• BC Human Rights Tribunal: http://www.bchrt.bc.ca/
• Canadian Human Rights Commission: http://www.chrc-ccdp.ca/eng

• Videos
  • Canadian Human Rights Act: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kziCfRPWRKY
  • What Is Discrimination? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gr8MMwoUqAs
  • Duty to Accommodate: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qfSY6EhCQMs
  • Harassment: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Hgx_EfAr4U

• Fact sheets
  • Human Rights in British Columbia: http://www.ag.gov.bc.ca/human-rights-protection/pdfs/ProtectDiscrimination.pdf
  • Human Rights in Employment: http://www.bchrt.gov.bc.ca/shareddocs/human-rights/HR1-Employment.pdf

Orientation is an event that is structured and organized to focus on all the information a new employee needs to get started in a new job. Orientation is the best time to influence and shape perceptions and attitudes in new employees.

According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, the word orient means “to acquaint with an existing situation or environment” (Encyclopedia Britannica Company, n.d.). Therefore one of the main objectives of an orientation program is to integrate employees into their new work environment. The goals of orientation are to:

• Familiarize new hires with your organization’s history, current undertakings, and future plans
• Inform them about relevant policies and procedures
• Outline desired workplace philosophy and behaviours when people are most receptive

Why orientation?

Orientation is well worth the time. With the focus on integrating into the organization, orientation allows a new employee to feel comfortable in the environment and with the new job. Effective orientation contributes to:

• An increase in employee commitment
• An increase in productivity
• A decrease in employee turnover

Orientation should emphasize people, procedures, and information. New employees should understand how the company is organized, what its history is, how it operates, and what’s expected of them. They should understand that they are welcome, valuable members of the organization, and that coaching and personal networks are there to help them to develop and learn.

Employees should have a chance to get to know other people in the organization and to witness the approaches and styles that form your corporate culture. This process helps to introduce employees to both information and people in a controlled manner. A note of caution: new employees can’t absorb everything at once, so be careful not to overwhelm them. To help employees remember information presented during orientation, provide as much written material as possible.

An orientation program

Start with the basics. Orientation should introduce employees to the company and to their jobs. People become more productive sooner if they are firmly grounded in the basic knowledge they need to understand their job.

• Provide employees with an introduction and education to your organization. This sets the stage for your employees to understand and integrate the core values, mission, philosophy, and goals of your organization.

• Create comfort and rapport. Provide an environment that encourages acceptance and belonging in your organization. Spread out and vary meetings and any training sessions. Offer refreshments, dinner, lunch, or informal conversation.

• Create a team spirit. Encourage camaraderie among employees as this enhances communication and openness across departments. It is important to provide opportunities for team members to get to know each other so that the workplace is professional and team members understand and care about each other, which will enhance the work environment and business.

• Show the big picture. Detail your organization’s past accomplishments, future goals, and current directions. What are your organization’s vision and goals? Where does your organization want to go? What is your current focus? Who are your customers? What is your market position? Demonstrate excitement for future directions.

• Explain job responsibilities and rewards. Clarify expectations from the beginning. Ensure your new employees are well versed in their job responsibilities and understand the levels of authority.
  

• Introduce the company culture. Let your employees know how things “really work around here.” New employees want to fit in and understand the culture and the informal rules of how to operate or behave in the organization. Don’t leave them guessing!

• Handle administrative tasks. There will always be paperwork to complete and detailed procedures to follow, such as knowing how to complete time sheets, requisitions, and incident reports (in the case of workplace accidents).

• Gain full participation. Give everyone a role to play; engage in talks, and use games or exercises. Have your new employees explore the company, research the competition, meet the customers, and/or generate their own questions for you.
  

• Explain what the employee can expect from the organization. If you have an employee handbook, ensure your employees receive a copy of it before they start. If possible, provide the handbook two weeks in advance so they have time to absorb information. Try to not overwhelm them with too much information on their first day: spread orientation over a period of days or weeks. Use the handbook during orientation to reinforce the information they have received and build identification with your company. If you don’t have an employee handbook, and want to create one, the list below provides topics that are usually included. Alternatively, you can use this as your orientation checklist:

However you choose to present your orientation program, give it structure and provide a schedule or an agenda with everyone involved having clearly defined roles. See Appendix 6 for a sample orientation checklist.

While employee orientation involves organizational information and expectations, employee training focuses on the acquisition of specific knowledge, skills, and attitudes. All new hires are not created equal, and a good training program can even out the differences significantly.

The problems that can potentially arise from lack of training, or from poor training, are numerous and serious:

• Low productivity
• Mistakes (often costly)
• Poor morale
• Employee grievances
• High waste
• Customer complaints
• Lost revenue

Properly trained employees deliver better service, are usually happier in their jobs, and are more motivated to accept new challenges and information (because they don’t feel overwhelmed).

Not only is training great for business, it’s also great for employees and employers —everyone is happier and more productive. As with most management concepts, training is most effective when it’s approached holistically and as a process—a series of steps designed to improve employee performance. Training should not be viewed as a cost either in time or money: it is one of the most important investments business managers can make because it dramatically increases the value of your key asset—your staff.

Understand the training process

The following steps outline a model training process:

• Review the job description and set training objectives.
• Select the trainees.
• Create a training plan.
• Determine the training methods and mode.
• Identify competent trainers.
• Choose a means of evaluating if your training was successful.
• Deliver the training.
• Evaluate the training.

It is important to document the training upon completion and to place notes in each employee’s file including what topics where covered, when, where, and how the employee was trained. You might also include the employee’s own evaluation of the training (if not anonymous or confidential) or other document demonstrating what the employee learned.

Use excellent trainers

Who actually conducts the training depends on the type of training needed and who will receive it. On-the-job training is typically conducted by supervisors or senior staff members. Off-the-job training can be conducted either by in-house personnel or outside instructors.

In-house training is the daily responsibility of supervisors and senior employees. Supervisors are ultimately responsible for the productivity and, therefore, the training of their subordinates. These supervisors should be taught the techniques of good training. They must be aware of the knowledge and skills necessary to make a productive employee. This information can be found in both the job analysis and the job description.

Trainers should be taught to establish goals and objectives for their training and to determine how these objectives can be used to influence the productivity of their departments. They also must be aware of how adults learn and how best to communicate with adults. Small businesses may need to develop their supervisors’ training capabilities by sending them to courses on training methods. The investment will pay off in increased productivity.

Train to the job description

Employee training isn’t always straightforward, particularly from the perspective of the employee. Employees don’t always make the connection between training and improved job performance. Using a job description as a base for training programs highlights the focus on job performance and ensures relevant training content.

Use employee training manuals

Most personnel problems are actually created by systems, procedures, and/or training problems. When job descriptions, procedure manuals, and adequate training are in place, many issues disappear.

As noted in previous sections, it all starts with planning, job analysis, and job descriptions for every employee. Comprehensive job descriptions break down duties, roles, and responsibilities into logical tasks. With those in place, you can then determine how to impart necessary information and instructions for each task employees need to master. Training manuals serve double duty as checklists for performance evaluations.

A common misconception is that employee training only happens with new hires. This is certainly not the case, as one of the key strategies to maintaining a strong and productive workforce is to invest in employees and focus on internal promotion, succession planning, and employment development. Creating a well-thought-out employee development program will help improve your employee productivity and retention, as well as the reputation of your organization.

Employee development programs should be more than just sending your employees off to a one-day commercially advertised course or program. The development program should be aligned with your business goals and the skills that are important to provide a progressive skill base.

Creating an employee development program

The following points will help you to create an employee development program:

• Invite discussions on development and career improvement with your employees.
• Establish formal training opportunities using either in-house expertise or out-of-house-programs that fit into the skill base that you would like to achieve.
• Create a formal mentoring program within your organization, again providing training for the mentors.
• Recognize and reward employee participation. Find out what each employee considers rewarding, as different people will value different things (e.g., a gift card, time off, advancement, a special excursion).
• Support and encourage cross-training and movement within your organization.

A company that wants to strengthen its bond with its employees needs to invest in a development program. This involves creating opportunities for role enhancement within the company as well as training and skill development that allow employees to enhance their employability in the market. Well-trained employees perform better and have greater self-esteem and commitment toward work.

An employee’s development should be tailored to an individual’s personal goals, which are determined in a formal performance appraisal. Done well, the performance appraisal process can be extremely positive for both employees and supervisors. Too often performance appraisals are considered to be painful and time consuming, but if they are properly planned and executed they offer an important opportunity to provide employees with constructive feedback that can help them to define successful career paths for their work and careers in both the short- and long-term.

Providing employees with honest feedback and direction promotes efficiency and increases morale in the workplace, and is something an effective leader does on an ongoing basis. The many benefits of performance appraisal include:

• Improved performance and profitability
• The opportunity to open two-way communication
• Increased job satisfaction and motivation
• Better morale and teamwork
• Improved planning for employee development
• Assistance with possible hourly wage or salary increases

Effective employee performance involves many components. Before conducting a formal evaluation, it is a good idea to gather documents and think about the employee and his or her performance. It is also important to keep an open mind and ask the employee to comment on working in the organization, personal successes and challenges, and any general input. Including the employee in the whole process leads to increased commitment and engagement, and often the person will present observations, ideas, and insights that otherwise may not be addressed.

Steps in a performance review

1. Do background work for the performance review

• Clarify job description and responsibilities.
• Clarify employee development interests and needs with the employee.
• List specific development areas for concentration. Holding this conversation with the employee will ensure that the areas of development are those that really interest him or her and, at the same time, benefit the organization.
• Review performance objectives and performance standards. Again, including the employee will ensure that the objectives and standards are clear.
• Review progress toward objectives through ongoing feedback and periodic discussions.
• Decide on purposes. In all of the following purposes, although it is helpful to present your perspective, it is equally important to ask the employee for insights and ideas for direction. Typically, the purposes include:
  • What the employee is expected to do
  • How well the employee is doing
  • What the employee’s strengths and weaknesses are
  • How the employee can do a better job how he or she can contribute more

2. Prepare the employee

Employees should be told about the appraisal process during their hiring and orientation. When people know it is part of organizational policy, they don’t feel singled out. Schedule the meeting in advance, explain the process, and give the employee a copy of the evaluation form to review and complete prior to the meeting. Ask the employee to also give some thought to his or her performance over the period in question in order to come prepared with examples of successes and challenges, insights into trouble spots within the organization or systems for work, and ideas for improvements and areas for development.

3. Prepare the setting

Plan to conduct the interview in a location that is free from interruptions. Remember to schedule sufficient time; evaluations can take quite a bit of time in some cases.

4. Prepare yourself

Collect necessary information from all sources. This should include a careful review of the detailed job description, previous appraisals, commendations or warnings in the employee’s personnel file, evaluations from peers, subordinates, and customers, if applicable. Complete a draft of the appraisal form in advance. Plan what you are going to say, especially about particularly good or poor performance. Anticipate possible points of confrontation and likely reactions from the employee and maintain an open mind to hear what the employee has to say about points of possible contention.

5. Hold the meeting

In the meeting use the RAP approach: Review the past, Analyze the present, Plan for the future. At least 50 percent of the meeting time should be spent on the future.

• Start on a positive note. Ensure employees know that the purpose of the meeting is to help them perform their jobs better and that their input is valued—that they are to be active participants in the process.
• Describe specific behaviour in simple, direct language. Avoid commenting on intangibles such as attitude, personality, and motivations. Don’t say something such as, “You’re lazy.” Instead say, “I have observed that you frequently spend time chatting with co-workers when there is work to be done.”
• Compare behaviour to specific performance standards whenever possible. Don’t say, “You work too slowly.” Say, “You often take two minutes to chop an onion; it is typically done in one.”
• Encourage employees to participate. Ask how they feel about their own performance in each criterion and if there are other factors or procedures that might be getting in the way of their performance. Ask them to suggest methods and ideas for improvement.
• Try to balance positive and negative feedback. Even if the employee is an extremely low performer in one area, find something positive to maintain self-esteem and optimism for success in the job. For high performers, balance praise with discussion on ideas and areas for further development.
• Discuss reasons for low performance. Telling an employee that improvement is necessary without exploring the reasons for deficient performance will rarely result in improvement. It is very important to explore with employees what is hindering performance and what they can do and what supports or resources they might need to bring performance up to standard. These might include pairing the employee with a high performer, providing additional training, clarifying expectations, brainstorming ways for the employee to meet standards, etc.

6. Measure performance

Develop a performance review form to support your performance discussions. The main components to include are:

• Employee name and title
• Date of review and assessment period
• Annual objectives
• Major job duties and ratings on those duties
• Personal performance criteria and ratings on those criteria
• Strengths and development areas
• Performance action plan for developmental areas
• Career goals and training plan
• Narrative comments from both the manager and the employee
• Employee and manager signatures.

See Appendix 7 for a sample performance evaluation form.

According to Indiana University Organizational Development “Progressive discipline is the process of using increasingly severe steps or measures when an employee fails to correct a problem after being given a reasonable opportunity to do so. The underlying principle of sound progressive discipline is to use the least severe action that you believe is necessary to correct the undesirable situation” (Indiana University Human Resources, n.d.).

There are usually two reasons for disciplining employees: performance problems and misconduct.

Misconduct is generally the more serious problem as it is often deliberate, exhibited by acts of defiance. In contrast, poor performance is more often the result of lack of training, skills, or motivation. Performance problems can often be solved through coaching and performance management, while misconduct normally calls for progressive discipline. Sometimes extreme cases of misconduct are grounds for immediate termination.

Managers often cite the following behaviour when identifying what they perceive to be poor worker performance or misconduct:

• Lack of skills or knowledge
• Lack of motivation
• Poor attitude
• Lack of effort or misconduct (working at a reduced speed, poor quality, tardiness, sleeping on the job, wasting time)
• Poor co-worker relations (arguing on the job, lack of cooperation)
• Poor subordinate-supervisor relations (insubordination, lack of follow-through)
• Inappropriate supervisor-subordinate relations (favouritism, withholding of key information, mistreatment, abuse of power)
• Mishandling company property (misuse of tools, neglect)
• Harassment or workplace violence (verbal or physical abuse, threats, bullying)
• Dishonesty
• Disregard for safety practices (not wearing safety equipment, horseplay, carrying weapons on the job, working under the influence of alcohol or drugs)

The steps of progressive discipline

Company policies on discipline should strive for fairness by adhering to these criteria:

• Develop clear, fair rules and consequences.
• Clearly communicate policies.
• Conduct a fair investigation.
• Balance consistency with flexibility.
• Use corrective action, not punishment.

When an employee must be disciplined, typically these steps are followed:

1. Verbal counselling
2. Written warning
3. Suspension without pay
4. Termination

After each step before termination, the employee should be given an opportunity to correct the problem or behaviour. If he or she fails to do so, the final step is taken: termination.

Step 1: Verbal counselling

Verbal counselling is usually the initial step. Verbal counselling sessions are used to bring a problem to the attention of the employee before it becomes so serious that it has to become part of a written warning and placed in the employee’s file.

The purpose of the initial discussion is to alleviate misunderstandings and clarify the direction for necessary and successful correction. Most discipline problems can be solved at this stage if the matter is approached constructively and if the employee can be engaged in seeking solutions. This is usually effective because most people don’t want the disciplinary process to escalate.

Tips for the verbal counselling discussion:

• Conduct the counselling session in private. Keep the tone low-key, friendly yet firm.
• Tell the employee the purpose for the discussion. Identify the problems specifically and ensure the employee understands expectations.
• Have documentation available to serve as a basis for the discussion, but try not to read from a list as this might lead the employee to feel defensive.
• Seek input from the employee about his or her perceptions of causes of problems.
• Where possible, identify solutions together. If this is not possible, clearly state your desired solution.
• Be sure the employee understands your expectations; ask him or her to describe the standard involved and how he or she will behave to correct the problem.
• Let the employee know that possible disciplinary action may follow if the problem is not corrected.
• Ask for a commitment from the employee to resolve the problem.

It isn’t necessary to complete a formal document of the counselling session as it is considered an informal step in progressive discipline. However, you may want to write a brief statement confirming the subject matter discussed and the agreed-upon course of action to correct the problem. This can be a useful reference later if further discipline is needed.

After an appropriate period, be sure to schedule a follow-up meeting with the employee. Provide opportunities for two-way feedback and discussion. Let the employee know how he or she is progressing and ask how the new procedures or behaviours are working.

Step 2: Written warning

If the problem is not resolved, you will need to prepare the written warning. Include in the warning information, responses, and commitments already made in the verbal counselling session.

The written warning has three parts:

• A statement that the verbal discussion has occurred, which reviewed the employee’s history with respect to the problem. Be sure to include the date the verbal discussion took place.
• A statement about the present, including a description of the current situation and including the employee’s explanation or response. Use the “who, what, when” model to be sure you include all necessary details.
• A statement of the future, describing your expectations and the consequences of continued failure to correct the problem. This step may be repeated in the future with stronger consequence statements, so be clear on what the next step is. For example, this statement might state that the situation “may lead to further disciplinary action” or, in a later warning, “this is a final warning and failure to correct the problem will lead to discharge.”

By documenting these conversations, you cover yourself in legal disputes that may arise from terminations. Here are some guidelines for documenting written warnings:

• Clearly identify the performance issue that needs to be resolved.
• Give the employee the opportunity to propose a solution to the issue with you.
• Agree on the solution, and document what is going to change. Include a section on how the employer will help the employee change the behaviour.
• If appropriate, agree on a date when you will review the situation together, and ensure that the performance issue has changed for the better.
• Ensure that the employee understands the repercussions if the behaviour does not change. This must also be documented on the progressive discipline form.
• Both the employee and the employer should sign this written record of the conversation that outlines the issue, the solution, and the timeline for the change.
• Give the employee a copy of the written documentation for his or her own records.
• Follow-up on the agreed-upon date.

Step 3: Suspension without pay

Depending on the situation there are times when it is appropriate to suspend an employee and times when it is not. The rules on suspending employees without pay may depend on the specific situation, and, therefore, it is advised that employers review the BC Employment Standards Act (or other provincial employment standards legislation) before carrying out a suspension without pay.

Step 4: Termination

If a problem is not resolved after appropriate warning, you may have to terminate an employee. As well, there may be cases when you want to terminate an employee immediately before going through steps 1 to 3.

Employment standards legislation in most provinces establishes a three-month probationary period during which an employee can be terminated for any reason, without notice. The only exceptions to termination within the probation period are any reason deemed discriminatory under human rights legislation, such as religious beliefs or nationality.

BC Employment Standards Branch video on Termination of Employment.

After the probationary period, the employer must have just cause for termination or otherwise provide sufficient notice or severance. It is recommended that you consult with your provincial labour regulations to confirm what is deemed “just cause.” Poor work performance is not normally considered just cause unless the progressive discipline process has been followed and the employee has been given sufficient time to improve. Just cause normally includes any of the following as grounds for immediate dismissal:

• Theft, fraud, or embezzlement
• Fighting
• Working while under the influence of drugs or alcohol
• Any conduct that threatens the safety of others
• Gross insubordination

Appropriate level of discipline

It is important to determine the proper level of discipline in each situation. In other words, “the punishment must fit the crime.”

First, consistency in discipline is important. How others have been treated for similar infractions should provide the primary basis for determining appropriate action, but there are several factors that may justify increasing or decreasing the level of discipline:

• The employee’s length of service
• Previous record of performance and conduct
• Whether the employee was provoked
• Whether the misconduct was premeditated or a spur-of-the-moment lack of judgment (i.e., was it with or without intent?)
• Whether the employee knew the rules and those rules have been consistently enforced on others
• Whether the employee acknowledges the mistake and shows remorse

After considering all of these factors, there still may be times when you believe it is best for the business to terminate an employee, particularly if you determine that a particular person or situation is likely to be a chronic problem. Paying the required severance, or termination pay, is a small cost compared to the damage a problem employee can cause.

How to terminate an employee

If you are going to terminate an employee, you must have all the pertinent documentation in order and follow all the rules. If you do not, you risk legal repercussions for wrongful termination.

If you have a human resources department, it is advisable to discuss the termination process with them beforehand. If your business is small and there is no formal human resources function, be sure you follow the employment standards regulations for your jurisdiction. If you feel unsure about any rule, you may want to contact a similar business that has a human resource department or the provincial Employment Standards Branch for advice.

Regardless of the specific rules for your jurisdiction, you should follow these general steps when terminating an employee:

• A discussion with the employee must occur before a final determination is reached. Inform the employee about the nature of the problem.
• The employee must be given an opportunity to explain his or her action and to provide information.
• If the employee provides pertinent information, you must investigate where appropriate.
• A written notice of termination must be prepared after the discussion and consideration of all available information.
• When you meet with the employee for the final termination meeting, hold it in a private location where the employee will not have to walk past co-workers afterwards.
• Have a witness or backup present in case the conversation gets heated.
• Explain how the employee has continued to perform below expectations. Refer to warnings given earlier.
• Announce the termination.
• Collect all property of the company, such as keys and uniforms.
• Ensure that the employee’s hours of work are sent to the payroll department, and final cheques and vacation pay are paid out according to the provincial regulations.
• Inform the employee of any information they need to know, such as when the final paycheque will be ready if not already available, where to hand in keys and uniform, and if and when there will be an exit interview.

In all termination cases, aim to preserve the dignity of the employee and to have him or her leave with the feeling of being treated fairly and with respect.

It’s no surprise that people work because they get paid to do so. But, increasingly, people also work to ensure they have benefits such as health care, long-term disability protection, and retirement plans. While job satisfaction is important, few people would work without receiving a salary and benefits.

Compensation is typically the largest expense of any organization, so it is important that you determine a compensation strategy that is in keeping with your overall operational strategy. A company can set wage levels at the top end, mid-level, or lower end of the market. Regardless of where you chose to position yourself, the goal is to ensure that your compensation plan is competitive enough to attract and retain qualified employees and meet the needs of your workforce.

Total employee compensation is more than the sum of wages and benefits. It comprises three parts:

• Base wage and other monetary compensation
• Benefits
• Recognition and non-monetary compensation

Combined, these elements create a total package that keeps quality staff on board and happy, plus it ensures internal pay equity and external competitiveness, as well as fairness and adherence to laws and regulations. Your total compensation package is one of your most valuable employee retention tools. Each part of the total compensation package is discussed below.

Base wage and other monetary compensation

The base wage is the fixed and regular wage/salary paid to your employees for work they perform for you. The base wage can be paid at an hourly or annual rate, usually depending on the position (i.e., more senior positions are normally paid an annual salary, while entry-level and junior positions are often paid an hourly rate). Pay rates are assigned to jobs based on the responsibilities and requirements of the position, as well as the skills and competencies required of the individual doing the job.

To determine base pay, you need to have a thorough understanding of the job, so you should start the process by conducting a job analysis and then drafting a job description prior to hiring, as discussed in Part Two. Accurate job analyses and descriptions are important in determining things such as qualifications, job content, workload, training needs, salary ranges, and an employee’s perception of the job versus the job of another employee working for you.

There are many different methods used to decide rates of pay. The goal is to determine the worth of each job in relation to the other jobs in your organization, and then design an appropriate pay structure for each. In general, the factors that determine the base pay of jobs within any method include:

• Level of responsibility
• Qualifications
• Experience
• Working conditions
• Tasks

It is important to ensure internal equity within an organization as everyone wants to feel they are being paid fairly in relation to their co-workers. This is done by reviewing the job analysis and the job description. By comparing one job to another, looking at responsibility, qualifications, experience, working conditions, and tasks, you can separate jobs into different pay levels.

It is also important to identify the value of the same jobs in the external marketplace to ensure that wages are set competitively and are aligned with industry norms, making adjustments if required.

Once all the internal and external information is collected and jobs are graded, ranges for wages can then be determined. Typically, you should have a minimum, mid-point, and maximum rate within each range. You should also have a corresponding policy for the initial placement of employees, and how and why they would move through the range.

In addition to fixed wages your employee’s compensation package may include the following monetary benefits:

• Signing bonuses are a one-time cash payment provided when candidates accept job offers. Signing bonuses can be used to recruit employees who are critical to your operation.
• Retention bonuses are a one-time cash payment provided when an employee has worked for a specified period of time (e.g., one year). Retention bonuses can be offered to key positions to keep employees for a certain length of time.
• Gratuities/tips are cash payments provided by customers for services provided. Tips may be earned depending on the occupation/position of worker and the type of business that operate. Some tourism businesses (e.g., hotels, restaurants) have sharing policies for gratuities. Keep in mind that tips are not considered part of minimum wage, although some provinces (including B.C.) have different minimum wages for employees who normally receive gratuities as a part of their job.
• Performance-based bonus or commissions are additional compensation paid as a reward for achieving specific goals or predetermined targets.

Bonuses can also be used as incentives for individual performance or to motivate the staff to work together to achieve the overall goals of the business. Although bonus systems have traditionally been used mostly for managerial employees, it is now common to see this type of compensation at all levels within an organization. If you use a bonus program, ensure that the rules are fair and the bonuses are considered competitive within the industry.

Benefits

Benefits include compensation other than pay for work performed that are provided to employees and funded in whole or in part by the employer (e.g., health benefits, dental coverage, one free meal per work shift). Benefits are an integral part of an employee’s overall compensation package. Employers should be aware that the traditional “one-size-fits-all” approach to employee benefits no longer provides a competitive edge in terms of attracting and retaining top-performing employees or increasing productivity, reducing absenteeism and improving overall employee engagement. With the mix of generations within the workforce today, from baby boomers to millennials, companies of all sizes must be more creative than ever with their benefit plans to ensure they appeal to a wide employee demographic.

As an employer, you are required to provide certain benefits by law (e.g., vacation, maternity/parental leave, statutory holidays), while others are discretionary. You need to evaluate the established benefit norms for your industry, as well as other competitive industries, before selecting among various benefit plans. As benefits and plans can be expensive to offer and administer, consider using a good broker or benefits consultant to ensure you are getting the service and coverage that is most appropriate to the size and scope of your business. Additionally, benefits consultants can help to educate your employees about your benefit plan (e.g., through group presentations).

Typical benefits include:

• Provincial medical services plan (MSP) premiums payment
• Group extended health care
• Group dental insurance
• Group life insurance
• Group disability plans
• Extra vacation days
• Free/discounted meals
• Employee discounts
• Professional development
• Employee assistance programs

Recognition and non-monetary benefits

Finding the right mix to include in your total compensation package is complicated and should focus on what is important to your employees. Consider what will motivate them not only to stay with you, but to perform in a way that helps your business to succeed. Offering non-monetary benefits and recognition programs is an excellent way to complement your total compensation package in such a way that you have an easier time attracting and retaining top employees, often with minimal financial impact to your overall bottom line.

Today’s diverse employee base puts a high value on life-work balance, advancement and development opportunities, and recognition. Options in this area are endless and employers can be creative in developing programs and incentives that are in keeping with the vision, mission, culture, and operational strategy of the organization.

Some non-cash benefits you may consider include:

• Flexible work schedules
• Social activities (annual golf tournament, children’s Christmas party, movie nights)
• Transit passes
• Free or discounted meals
• Spot rewards (gift certificates, store discounts)
• Employee and family pricing for hotel rooms
• Service recognition awards
• Health and wellness allowances

As labour market conditions change and generations of workers enter and leave the workforce, there will continue to be changes in what should be included in an effective total compensation package. You need to understand what your employees really want and need in order to come to work for you, and subsequently remain motivated and engaged. Taking the time to develop a total compensation package that fits your organization and its employees will go a long way toward attracting, motivating, and retaining staff.

Payroll is the function of paying your employees in exchange for services rendered. The primary objective of your payroll system is to ensure that you pay your employees accurately and on time. Being paid is a basic expectation and right of your employees, so it is important to understand how important it is to have a timely and accurate payment system, and how not having one can negatively impact morale and ultimately the ability to retain your staff.

Employees and non-employees

It is important to classify the individuals who work for you as either employees or non-employees. Pay for employees is processed through your payroll system and includes required deductions, such as income tax and employment insurance premiums. You are required to remit any employee income taxes withheld at source to the government. In general, if someone regularly works at your place of business, and you direct the person’s work, he or she is an employee.

Non-employees, such as independent contractors and consultants, are not part of your payroll and you are not required to pay benefits or withhold taxes. Instead, contractors and consultants are considered to be independently employed and typically submit an invoice to cover the cost of services they have provided to your company.

If you have any doubts about the appropriate status of your workers, you should check with the Canada Revenue Agency website at www.cra-arc.gc.ca or BC Employment Standards website at http://www.labour.gov.bc.ca/esb/facshts/employee.htm

How to pay wages

The government legislates a pay period that requires an employer to pay at least semi-monthly and within eight days after the expiration of each pay period. Under the Income Tax Act, every employer paying wages is required to withhold tax from these payments.

You are also legally responsible for making many other deductions from your employee’s paycheque, such as the income tax, Canada Pension Plan (CPP) and Employment Insurance (EI). WorkSafeBC premiums are an additional cost, based on wages but are entirely an employer’s expense (see www.worksafebc.com).

Since some of these deductions have percentages that change, you will need to verify them each year. To ensure you are following the rules according to the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA), check their website: http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca./

Most software accounting packages that are used in industry also send updates with new tax rate information at the beginning of each year.

Employers also have payroll-related obligations under the British Columbia Employment Standards Act. For example, payroll records must include certain employee information, including name, date of birth, and occupation. These records must be kept at the employer’s principal place of business and be retained by the employer for two years after the employment terminates. These provincial record-keeping requirements should not be confused with CRA’s record-keeping requirements. Please refer to the following links for the most up-to-date information.

• The Employment Standards Act and regulations (along with an interpretation guide): http://www.labour.gov.bc.ca/esb/
• Video on hours of work and overtime in BC: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yw5BQJkXApk
• Video on termination of employment: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_7mxo-Hrnpo&feature=youtu.be
• Video on “10 things BC employers should know”: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XUhzYNNbOio&feature=youtu.be
• Current Employment Standards Act fact sheet: https://www.labour.gov.bc.ca/esb/esaguide/guide.pdf

Ensuring accurate and timely payroll processing can be a time-consuming function. Given the time and expertise required, many smaller independent businesses find that outsourcing payroll to an independent bookkeeper can offer many advantages to their business and employees. In addition to processing your payroll, these experienced professionals can also be responsible for maintaining updated knowledge of all legislation, making technological changes to comply with legislative changes, and providing answers to any payroll-related questions from employees.

Good health and safety practices should be a high priority within your organizational culture. In order to retain your staff, a safe and healthy work environment is key. Everybody values a safe work environment, especially young workers. According to WorkSafe BC, “in the past five years in British Columbia, more than 9,400 young workers in the tourism and hospitality industry suffered on-the-job injuries severe enough to keep them from working. The cost to the industry is staggering – almost $20 million and 170,000 days lost from work” (WorkSafeBC, OHS Guidelines, n.d.).

According to WorkSafeBC (Young Worker Safety Can’t Wait, n.d.),  it is up to the employer to ensure the health and safety of all employees. To guarantee a safe environment, everyone in your organization should be properly trained and oriented within the scope of the Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Regulation. This should be a continuous process and part of your ongoing training culture.

Developing and maintaining a safe and healthy work environment can be a time-demanding task; however, the importance of keeping a safe work environment is worth the investment. There are formal regulations and many resources available to assist in the creation and continuation of health and safety within your workplace.

To begin developing an occupational health and safety program in your organization, begin with a risk assessment of your entire workplace, identifying all of the potential hazards to you and/or your employees. Elements in your program should include:

• A statement of the employer’s aims, and of the responsibilities of the employer, supervisors, and workers
• Provision for regular inspection of premises, equipment, work methods, and work practices, at appropriate intervals, to ensure that prompt action is taken to correct any hazardous conditions found
• Appropriate written instructions, available for reference by all workers, to supplement the OHS Regulation
• Provision for the prompt investigation of incidents to determine the action necessary to prevent their recurrence
• Records and statistics, including reports of inspections and incident investigations, with provision for making this information available to the joint committee or worker health and safety representative, as applicable and, on request, to a prevention officer, the union representing the workers at the workplace or, if there is no union, the workers at the workplace
• Provision by the employer for the instruction and supervision of workers in the safe performance of their work
• Provision for holding periodic management meetings to review health and safety activities and incident trends, and to determine necessary courses of action

An effective program will:

• Identify hazards in the workplace
• Control the hazards and eliminate or minimize the potential for workplace injuries or illness
• Be monitored to ensure the program meets its goals and WorkSafeBC requirements under the Workers Compensation Act and the OHS Regulation

For more information visit WorkSafeBC.

As part of the Workers Compensation Act, the Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Regulation applies to all employers and workers within BC. The OHS Regulation contains legal requirements in which all workplaces must comply under the jurisdiction of WorkSafeBC. The OHS Regulation acts as a foundation upon which organizations can build to maintain an effective and safe work environment.

Follow the OHS Regulation guidelines to determine the legal requirements for your organization. Typically the guidelines are based on the number of workers you have. Whichever situation you fall under within the regulations, it is essential you organize a formal OHS meeting every month, where there must be workers represented. The meeting should focus on existing health and safety matters and how any unsafe conditions and practices will be dealt with. Keep a record of the meetings including when they are held, who attends them, and the general nature of what is discussed. This record should be made available for inspection by a prevention officer when requested.

Research shows that there are clear links between well-thought-out OHS programs and long-term business efficiency. Benefits of a good, updated program include:

• Reducing workplace injuries and the costs associated with them
• Enhancing your organization’s reputation
• Retaining staff
• Having a measureable system to continuously verify your current safety practices

In addition to the above benefits, if you choose to participate in the Certificate of Recognition (COR) Program, and your company is in good standing, you could receive incentive payments from WorkSafeBC. The program rewards employers that go above and beyond the legal requirements of the Workers Compensation Act and OHS Regulation by looking at best practices to injury prevention in the workplace.

Here are a few helpful links for information on occupational health and safety:

• Watch Your Step: An Employer’s Guide to Preventing Slips, Trips and Falls in the Food & Beverage Industry
• WorkSafeBC Injury Prevention Resources for Tourism & Hospitality – Food & Beverage