(5 points)

Last Name: _______________________  First Name: _______________________

 

Instructions:

Fill in the table below with the appropriate terms. Note: For this lab only, you may use any anatomical structure of the human body to fill in the table.

For the remaining pages of the prelab, label the designated planes, regions, and directions.

(1 point)

 

 

Label the planes of the body. (1 point)

 

 

Label all nine regions of the abdomen. (1 point)

 

 

 

Label the anatomical directions designated by the lines and arrows. (1 point)

 

 

 

Label the regions of the body. (1 point)

 

For this lab only, there will be three stations for each group to cycle through, stations one, two and three; stations four, five and six will mirror these stations for this lab only. A list of words is provided below that you are expected to identify, learn, and label on the models provided. You must use all the words provided. Using the colored tape provided, write the number that corresponds to the organ/structure and place it on your model. When complete, notify your TA so they may check your work.
Note: Do not simply label the models, it is crucial that you understand how to apply all of these terms in each system, for the rest of the semester!
For each additional station, directions will be provided for the particular activity.

Stations One and Six: Histology

This is an advanced biology class, therefore you all likely have experience with microscopes. However, use these stations to refresh your memory of proper microscope etiquette, how to focus on a slide, and identify key features. For the remainder of this class, you will be expected to identify various tissues under the microscope. Be sure to ask your TA for assistance, and remember taking a picture of the slide to study later is not helpful if you don’t take the time to study it in lab and understand which aspects are most important.

Basic instructions for use:

• Turn on the microscope. Move he stage down to its lowest setting and adjust the iris diaphragm until it allows the least amount of light in.
• Put the slide in position on the stage and be sure to start with the 5x objective to view it. While looking through the eyepiece, use the stage controls to move the specimen in line with the objective.
• Using the coarse adjustment knob, bring the stage up until you can see the specimen. Remember, it will not be in focus! If you bring the stage up too high, then switching to a higher objective, may touch the slide, scratch the lens, or even break the slide. Instead, use the fine adjustment knob to clarify the image and the iris diaphragm to allow as much light in as needed.
• Once the 5x is in focus, you can move to the next objective. Use the fine adjustment knob to focus before moving to the next objective. Do NOT touch the coarse adjustment knob.
• When you finish using the microscope, move the 5x objective to the start position and move the stage back down to its lowest position.

Sketch the slides available for today’s lab and indicate the magnitude at which you are observing/sketching. Be sure to identify, include, and label your sketch with the corresponding structures listed beneath each slide. Use the images provided to guide you through this process.

Monocyte	Compact Bone Osteon, Lacunae, Haversian canal
Spinal Cord Anterior median fissure, Posterior gray horns, Lateral white columns, Central canal	Kidney Renal corpuscle

 

Stations Two and Five: The Basics

The terms in the following tables are important in understanding the relationship between different organs and structures of the body. Using the models and diagrams in your atlas, learn how to identify the different body planes and the appropriate use of directional terms. When trying to understand body movements, it is helpful to act them out yourself.

Label the torso models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate regions of the abdominal cavity using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all of the labels you have placed on the model. Note the locus of each organ within each region.

Body Planes

#1 frontal

#2 transverse

#3 sagittal

Directional Terms

#4 anterior	#7 inferior	#10 proximal	#13 superficial
#5 posterior	#8 lateral	#11 distal	#14 parietal
#6 superior	#9 medial	#12 deep	#15 visceral

 

Abdominal Regions

#16 right hypochondriac region	#19 right lumbar region	#22 right iliac region
#17 epigastric region	#20 umbilical region	#23 hypogastric region
#18 left hypochondriac region	#21 left lumbar region	#24 left iliac region

 

Stations Three and Four: Regions of the Body

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Anatomical Regions

#1 cephalic	#11 brachial	#21 abdominal	#31 femoral
#2 cranial	#12 cubital	#22 hepatic	#32 patellar
#3 ocular (orbital)	#13 antecubital	#23 renal	#33 popliteal
#4 auricular (otic)	#14 olecranal	#24 umbilical	#34 crural
#5 buccal	#15 antebrachial	#25 lumbar	#35 sural
#6 nasal	#16 carpal (carpus)	#26 pelvic	#36 tarsal (tarsus)
#7 oral	#17 palmar	#27 inguinal	#37 calcaneal
#8 cervical	#18 digital (phalangeal)	#28 pubic	#38 pedal
#9 acromial	#19 thoracic	#29 sacral	#39 plantar
#10 scapular	#20 mammary	#30 gluteal

Common Anatomical Features

The following terms are useful to know and understand as they will reappear throughout this course.

#40 process	#45 sulcus	#50 facet	#54 septum
#41 tuberosity	#46 gyrus	#51 fossa	#55 raphe
#42 condyle	#47 foramen	#51 fundus	#56 ampulla
#43 epicondyle	#48 foramina	#52 hilum
#44 fissure	#49 meatus	#53 isthmus

(2 points)

Last Name: _______________________  First Name: _______________________

1. Give the name of the anatomical region to which each of the following structures belongs. (0.5 points)
   1. Elbow
   2. Back of the knee
   3. Belly button
   4. Heel
   5. Back of the neck

 

2. Determine which body plane is described by each of the following scenarios. (0.5 points)
   1. If the human body were split into left and right halves.
   2. If the human body were split into anterior and posterior halves.
   3. If the human body were split into superior and inferior halves

 

3. There are nine abdominal regions. Name the three consecutive regions that run down the center of the abdomen. (0.5 points)

 

4. Fill in the blanks with the correct anatomical direction. (0.5 points)
   1. Phalanges (fingers) are ________________ to the carpals (wrist).
   2. The tibia (medial bone of the lower leg) is ________________ to the femur (large bone of the thigh).
   3. The sural region is ________________ to the crural region.
   4. The left and right iliac regions are ________________ to the hypogastric region of the abdominal cavity.
   5. The nose is ________________ to the ears.
   6. The abdomen is ________________ to the back.

(5 points)

Last Name: _______________________  First Name: _______________________

 

Instructions:

Fill in the table with the appropriate terms. For the remaining illustrations, label the structures indicated.

(1 point)

Name of a structure	is	directional term	to	Name of the second structure
radius	is	proximal	to	ulna
femur	is	superior	to
	is	inferior	to	thoracic vertebrae
patella	is	anterior	to
	is	distal	to	metacarpals
tibia	is	medial	to
	is	lateral	to	sternum

 

Label the cranial structures and bones. (0.5 points)

 

 

Label the cranial bones and special features. (0.5 points)

 

Label the distinctive parts of the vertebra. (0.5 points)

 

 

 

Label the features of the scapula. (0.5 point)

 

 

Label the features of the humerus. (0.5 points)

 

Label the features of the radius and ulna. (0.5 point)

 

Label the features of the femur. (0.5 points)

 

Label the features of the tibia and fibula. (0.5 points)

A list of words is provided below that you are expected to identify, learn, and label on the models provided. Note that not all models will have some of the organs/structures, so be sure to find them on an alternate model. You must use all the words provided. Using the colored tape provided, write the number that corresponds to the organ/structure and place them on your model. When complete, notify your TA so they may check your work.

For each additional station, directions will be provided for the activity.

 

Station One: Skull

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when applicable.

Bones of Skull

#1 frontal bone	#5 ethmoid bone	#9 zygomatic bone	#13 superior nasal conchae
#2 parietal bone	#6 sphenoid bone	#10 nasal bone	#14 middle nasal conchae
#3 temporal bone	#7 palatine bone	#11 vomer	#15 inferior nasal conchae
#4 occipital bone	#8 maxilla	#12 lacrimal bone	#16 mandible

Skull Bone Markings

#18 external auditory meatus	#20 styloid process	#22 cribriform plate of ethmoid bone	#24 zygomatic process of temporal bone
#19 mastoid process	#21 external occipital protuberance	#23 olfactory foramina	#25 temporal process of zygomatic bone

Special Features of Skull

#26 foramen magnum	#28 foramen ovale	#30 coronal suture	#32 lambdoid suture
#27 jugular foramen	#29 sella turcica	#31 sagittal suture

 

Station Two: Axial Skeleton cont.

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when applicable.

#1 hyoid Bone

Vertebral Column

Parts of Typical Vertebra

#10 body	#12 lamina	#14 transverse process	#16 inferior articular process	#18 facet of inferior articular process
#11 vertebral foramen	#13 spinous process	#15 superior articular process	#17 facet of superior articular process

Unique Cervical Vertebrae and Characteristics

#19 bifid spinous process	#21 atlas	#23 dens
#20 transverse foramen	#22 axis

Thoracic Cage

#24 sternum	#26 sternal body	#28 ribs
#25 manubrium	#27 xiphoid process	#29 costal cartilage

 

Station Three: Limb Assembly

In this station, you will be given a bucket filled with random bones some of which you will use to assemble an arm and a leg. Note below which bucket you are working with. Your assignment is to lay out the bones of each limb in their correct positions relative to each other and determine which bones do not belong to either limb.  Additionally, you will need to determine whether each limb is a right or left limb; circle your results below. When you are finished, ask your TA to check whether you have assembled and identified your limbs correctly.

Bucket # ________

Upper limb: Left / Right

Lower limb: Left / Right

 

Station 4: Histology

Sketch the slides available for today’s lab and specify the magnitude at which you are observing/ sketching. Be sure to identify and label your sketch with the corresponding structures listed beneath each slide.

Compact Bone Osteon Lamellae, Lacunae, Volkmann’s canals, Haversian canal	Spongy Bone

 

Station Five: Upper Limbs

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when applicable.

Clavicle

#1 acromial end of clavicle

#2 sternal end of clavicle

Scapula

#3 glenoid cavity	#5 coracoid process	#7 supraspinous fossa	#9 subscapular fossa
#4 acromion	#6 spine of scapula	#8 infraspinous fossa

Humerus

#10 head	#13 lesser tubercle	#16 coronoid fossa	#19 lateral epicondyle
#11 neck	#14 trochlea	#17 radial fossa	#20 olecranon fossa
#12 greater tubercle	#15 capitulum	#18 medial epicondyle

Ulna

#21 head	#23 trochlear notch	#25 radial notch
#22 olecranon	#24 coronoid process	# 26 styloid process

Radius

#27 head	#29 radial tuberosity
#28 neck	#30 styloid process

Hand and Wrist

#31 carpals (8)	#33 phalanges	#35 middle phalanges
#32 metacarpals	#34 proximal phalanges	#36 distal phalanges

 

Station Six: Lower Limbs

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when applicable.

Pelvis

#1 ilium	#3 ischium	#5 pubis	#7 acetabulum
#2 iliac crest	#4 ischial spine	#6 pubic symphysis

Femur

#8 head	#11 lesser trochanter	#14 medial condyle
#9 neck	#12 medial epicondyle	#15 lateral condyle
#10 greater trochanter	#13 lateral epicondyle	#16 intercondylar fossa

# 17 patella

Tibia

#18 lateral condyle

#19 medial condyle

#20 medial malleolus

Fibula

#21 head

#22 lateral malleolus

Foot and Ankle

#23 tarsals (7)	#25 metatarsals	#27 proximal phalanges	#29 distal phalanges
#24 calcaneus	#26 phalanges	#28 middle phalanges

(3 points)

Last Name: _______________________  First Name: _______________________

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

A list of words is provided below that you are expected to identify, learn, and label on the models provided. Note that not all models will have some of the organs/structures, so be sure to find them on an alternate model. You must use all the words provided. Using the colored tape provided, write the number that corresponds to the organ/structure and place them on your model. When complete, notify your TA so they may check your work.

For each additional station, directions will be provided for the activity.

.

 

Station One: Spinal Cord

Label the models of this station with the # that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the spinal cord and its protective structures using the colored tape. When you have finished, have your TA check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all of the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate left and right halves when applicable.

#1 vertebral column	#4 dura mater	#7 subarachnoid space	#10 denticulate ligaments	#13 filum terminale
#2 spinal meninges	#5 subdural space	#8 cerebrospinal fluid	#11 spinal cord	#14 cauda equina
#3 epidural space	#6 arachnoid mater	#9 pia mater	#12 conus medullaris

Spinal Cord

#15 anterior median fissure	#19 posterior white columns	#23 anterior white commissure	#27 thoracic innervation segment	#31 lumbar enlargement
#16 posterior median sulcus	#20 anterior gray horns	#24 posterior gray commissure	#28 lumbar innervation segment
#17 anterior white columns	#21 lateral gray horns	#25 central canal	#29 sacral innervation segment
#18 lateral white columns	#22 posterior gray horns	#26 cervical innervation segment	#30 cervical enlargement

 

Station Two: Spinal Nerves and Cervical Plexus

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when applicable.

Spinal Nerves

#1 cervical nerve one (C1)	#9 thoracic nerve one (T1)	#17 thoracic nerve nine (T9)	#25 lumbar nerve five (L5)
#2 cervical nerve two (C2)	#10 thoracic nerve two (T2)	#18 thoracic nerve ten (T10)	#26 sacral nerve one (S1)
#3 cervical nerve three (C3)	#11 thoracic nerve three (T3)	#19 thoracic nerve eleven (T11)	#27 sacral nerve two (S2)
#4 cervical nerve four (C4)	#12 thoracic nerve four (T4)	#20 thoracic nerve twelve (T12)	#28 sacral nerve three (S3)
#5 cervical nerve five (C5)	#13 thoracic nerve five (T5)	#21 lumbar nerve one (L1)	#29 sacral nerve four (S4)
#6 cervical nerve six (C6)	#14 thoracic nerve six (T6)	#22 lumbar nerve two (L2)	#30 sacral nerve five (S5)
#7 cervical nerve seven (C7)	#15 thoracic nerve seven (T7)	#23 lumbar nerve three (L3)	#31 coccygeal nerve one (Coc1)
#8 cervical nerve eight (C8)	#16 thoracic nerve eight (T8)	#24 lumbar nerve four (L4)

Cervical plexus

Note: When labeling the nerves that exit the cervical plexus, focus on their location, the connections between the nerves of the plexus, and what they innervate. Also note any interesting characteristics you find, for example, which is the longest nerve? Make use of your textbook and atlas during this time.

#32 lesser occipital nerve	#34 transverse cervical nerve	#36 superior root of Ansa cervicalis nerve	#38 phrenic nerve
#33 great auricular nerve	#35 supraclavicular	#37 inferior root of Ansa cervicalis nerve	#39 segmental branches

 

Station Three: Brachial Plexus

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: When labeling the nerves that exit the brachial plexus, focus on their location, the connections between the nerves of the plexus and what they innervate. Also note any interesting characteristics you find, for example, which is the longest nerve? Make use of your textbook and atlas during this time.

#1 dorsal scapular nerve	#5 musculocutaneous nerve	#9 lower subscapular nerve	#13 medial pectoral nerve
#2 long thoracic nerve	#6 lateral pectoral nerve	#10 axillary nerve	#14 medial cutaneous nerve of arm
#3 nerve to subclavius	#7 upper subscapular nerve	#11 median nerve	#15 medial cutaneous nerve of forearm
#4 suprascapular nerve	#8 thoracodorsal nerve	#12 radial nerve	#16 ulnar nerve

 

Station 4: Histology

Sketch the slides available for today’s lab and specify the magnitude at which you are observing/ sketching. Be sure to identify and label your sketch with the corresponding structures listed beneath each slide.

Spinal cord Anterior median fissure, Posterior median sulcus, Anterior white columns, Lateral white columns, Posterior white columns, Anterior gray horns, Lateral gray horns, Posterior gray horns, Anterior white horns, Posterior gray commissure, Central canal	Sympathetic ganglion

 

Station Five: Lumbar Plexus

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: When labeling the nerves that exit the lumbar plexus, focus on their location, the connections between the nerves of the plexus and what they innervate. Also note any interesting characteristics you find, for example, which is the longest nerve? Make use of your textbook and atlas during this time.

#1 iliohypogastric nerve	#3 genitofemoral nerve	#5 femoral nerve
#2 ilioinguinal nerve	#4 lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh	#6 obturator nerve

 

Station Six: Sacral Plexus

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: When labeling the nerves that exit the sacral plexus, focus on their location, the connections between the nerves of the plexus and what they innervate. Also note any interesting characteristics you find, for example, which is the longest nerve? Make use of your textbook and atlas during this time.

#1 superior gluteal nerve	#4 nerve to quadratus	#7 posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh	#10 tibial median plantar nerve	#13 deep common fibular nerve
#2 inferior gluteal nerve	#5 nerve to obturator internus and superior gemellus	#8 pudenal nerve	#11 tibial lateral plantar nerve
#3 nerve to piriformis	#6 perforating cutaneous nerve	#9 sciatic nerve	#12 superficial common fibular nerve

(2 points)

Last Name: _______________________  First Name: _______________________

 

1. What is the longest nerve in the body? (0.5 points)

 

 

2. In what region(s) of the spinal cord do the nerves which innervate the lower body originate? (0.5 points)

 

 

3. The spinal cord is divided into how many segments? List the number of segments in each portion of the spinal column. (0.5 points)

 

 

4. List the spinal meninges and the relevant spaces in between, as well as what occupies those spaces. (0.5 points)

 

(5 points)

Last Name: _______________________  First Name: _______________________

 

Instructions:

Fill in the table below with the appropriate terms. For the remaining exercises, label the designated structures.

(1 point)

Name of a structure	is	directional term	to	Name of the second structure
pons	is	anterior	to	cerebellum
corpus callosum	is	superior	to
	is	inferior	to	hypothalamus
precentral gyrus	is	anterior	to
	is	superficial	to	diencephalon
interthalamic adhesion	is	medial	to
	is	superior	to	pons

 

Label the sulci, gyri, and lobes of the cerebrum. (1 point)

 

Label the major structures of the brain. (1 point)

 

 

Label the ventricles and passageway of CSF through the brain. (1 point)

Label the cranial nerves. (1 point)

 

A list of words is provided below that you are expected to identify, learn, and label on the models provided. Note that not all models will have some of the organs/structures, so be sure to find them on an alternate model. You must use all the words provided. Using the colored tape provided, write the number that corresponds to the organ/structure and place them on your model. When complete, notify your TA so they may check your work.

For each additional station, directions will be provided for the activity.

 

Station One: Brain

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when applicable.

Cerebrum

#1 cerebral cortex	#3 temporal lobes	#5 occipital lobe
#2 frontal lobe	#4 parietal lobes	#6 insula

Diencephalon

#7 thalamus	#9 mammillary bodies	#11 pineal glands
#8 hypothalamus	#10 epithalamus

Brainstem

#12 midbrain	#14 superior colliculi	#16 cerebral peduncles	#18 medulla oblongata
#13 tectum (corpora quadrigemina)	#15 inferior colliculi	#17 pons

Cerebellum

#19 arbor vitae	#21 vermis
#20 folia	#22 cerebellar peduncles

Other important structures

#23 basal nuclei	#25 fornix	#27 pituitary gland	#29 optic chiasm
#24 corpus callosum	#26 cingulate gyrus	#28 infundibulum

 

Station Two: Unique Features and Pathway of CSF

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when applicable.

Composition of the Brain

#1 gray matter

#2 white matter

Superficial Characteristics of the Brain

#3 gyri (convulsions)	#5 sulci	#7 postcentral gyrus	#9 central sulcus	#11 transverse fissure
#4 fissures	#6 precentral gyrus	#8 lateral cerebral sulcus	#10 parieto-occiptal sulcus	#12 longitudinal fissure

Cranial Meninges

These features may not be shown on models, but it is important to be able to identify them in diagrams and on the brains that you will dissect.

#13 dura mater	#15 falx cerebelli	#17 arachnoid mater
#14 falx cerebri	#16 tentorium cerebelli	#18 pia mater

Ventricles and Associated Structures

Using the terms in the table below, determine the pathway of cerebrospinal fluid.

#19 lateral ventricles	#21 interventricular foramen	#23 cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of midbrain)	#25 choroid plexuses
#20 septum pellucidum	#22 third ventricles	#24 fourth ventricles	#26 cerebrospinal fluid

 

Station Three: Cranial Nerves

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

While learning the names, corresponding numbers and location of each of the cranial nerves, be sure to connect these to their functions and the structures they innervate.

#1 olfactory nerve (I)	#4 trochlear nerve (IV)	#7 facial nerve (VII)	#10 vagus nerve (X)
#2 optic nerve (II)	#5 trigeminal nerve (V)	#8 vestibulocochlear/ acoustic nerve (VIII)	#11 Accessory/spinal nerve (XI)
#3 oculomotor nerve (III)	#6 abducens nerve (VI)	#9 glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)	#12 hypoglossal nerve (XII)

 

Station 4: Histology

Sketch the slides available for today’s lab and specify the magnitude at which you are observing/ sketching. Be sure to identify and label your sketch with the corresponding structures listed beneath each slide.

Cerebrum	Cerebellum

 

 

Station Five: Brain Dissection without Meninges

• Orientate the brain such that the posterior aspect containing the brain stem is facing you. Obtain the scalpel from your kit and place it on the anterior (farthest from you) portion of the longitudinal fissure. Using a scalpel, firmly press down on the brain while simultaneously bringing the scalpel carefully towards you; this makes a clean incision down the sagittal plane of the brain. (DO NOT make sawing motions with the scalpel.) Continue to make incisions until you have separated the brain into its two hemispheres.
• Obtain pins from the table and place them into as many structures as you can identify. Your lab TA will come around and ask you to identify the pins you have placed.

*If you are the last table to use this station, be sure to clean off the dissection kits in the lab sink.

 

Station Six: Brain Dissection with Meninges

• The brain you will receive at this station will have the tough, fibrous meninges still surrounding it. Pinch this tissue between your fingers to separate it from the brain. Using the scissors in your dissection kit, carefully make an incision in the tissue until you have created a hole from which to cut. Cut the meninx, make sure that it comes away from the brain without pulling on the brain’s outer cortex.
• Once the outermost meninx has been removed orientate the brain such that the posterior aspect containing the brain stem is facing you. Obtain the scalpel from your kit and place it on the anterior (farthest from you) portion of the longitudinal fissure of the brain. Using the scalpel, firmly press down on the brain while simultaneously bringing the scalpel carefully towards you; this makes a clean incision down the sagittal plane of the brain. (DO NOT make sawing motions with the scalpel.) Continue to make incisions until you have separated the brain into its two main hemispheres.
• Obtain pins from the table and place them on as many structures as you can identify. Your lab TA will come around and ask you to identify the pins you have placed.

*If you are the last table to use this station, be sure to clean off the dissection kits in the lab sink.

(3 points)

Last Name: _______________________  First Name: _______________________

 

1. Which of the following structures are not part of the brainstem? (Circle the appropriate response(s)) (0.5 points)
   • Cerebral hemisphere
   • Cerebellum
   • Pons
   • Medulla oblongata
   • Midbrain
   • Diencephalon

 

2. What are the three primary parts of the diencephalon? (0.5 points)

 

 

3. Identify the meningeal (or associated) structures described below: (1 point)
   1. Outermost meninx that covers the brain and is composed of tough, fibrous connective tissue
   2. Location of CSF production
   3. Innermost meninx that covers the brain
   4. Structures instrumental in returning cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to the venous blood in the dural venous sinuses
   5. A dural fold separating the cerebrum from the cerebellum

 

4. Provide the name and number of the cranial nerves involved in each of the following activities, sensations or disorders. (1 point)
   1. ____________________  Rotating the head
   2. ____________________  Smelling coffee
   3. ____________________  Elevating the eyelids; pupillary constriction
   4. ____________________  Slowing the heart; swallowing
   5. ____________________  Involved in Bell’s palsy (facial paralysis); crying
   6. ____________________  Chewing food; feeling a toothache
   7. ____________________  Listening to music; seasickness
   8. ____________________  Secretion of saliva; tasting well-seasoned food
   9. ____________________  Involved in “rolling” the eyes (three nerves; provide numbers only)
   10. ____________________  Swallowing; speaking (motor only)
   11. ____________________  Seeing the PowerPoint during lecture

 

(5 points)

Last Name: _______________________  First Name: _______________________

 

Instructions:

Fill in the table below with the appropriate terms. For the remaining exercises, label the structures accordingly.

(1 point)

Name of a structure	is	directional term	to	Name of the second structure
retina	is	posterior	to	lens
middle nasal conchae	is	superior	to
	is	inferior	to	cribriform plate
cornea	is	anterior	to
	is	distal	to	tympanic membrane
medial rectus	is	medial	to
	is	lateral	to	tongue

 

Label the structures of the olfactory epithelium and olfactory pathway. (1 point)

 

 

 

Label the types of papillae and parts of the taste buds. (1 point)

 

 

Label the regions and structures of the ear. (1 point)

 

 

Label the muscles of the eye. (0.5 points)

 

 

 

Label the structures and regions of the eye. (0.5 points)

 

 

A list of words is provided below that you are expected to identify, learn, and label on the models provided. Note that not all models will have some of the organs/structures, so be sure to find them on an alternate model. You must use all the words provided. Using the colored tape provided, write the number that corresponds to the organ/structure and place them on your model. When complete, notify your TA so they may check your work.

For each additional station, directions will be provided for the activity.

Station One: Are You a Super Taster?

• For this exercise, it is recommended that you use dark food coloring for maximum effect
• Using the spoon, use a small amount of the food coloring or powder on the tongue. Do NOT use a full spoon or pour a mound on the subject’s tongue!
• Paper squares will be provided which have a 1cm in diameter hole in them. Have the volunteer place the paper on their tongue and make sure that the hole aligns with the area highlighted by the food coloring.
• Use a camera phone (or other devices), to take a closeup still photo of the circle.
• The papilla will contrast against the color of the food coloring. Count the number of the papilla in the circle and record it below.
• If there are between 0 and 5 papilla, then the subject is a “hypo-taster”. A hypo-taster is more tolerant of bitter tastes. If there are between 5 and 15 papillae, then the subject has average tasting capabilities. If there are more than 15 papillae found in this 1cm area, then the subject is a “hyper-taster”. A hyper-taster is more sensitive to bitter tastes. Determine whether the subject is a hypo-taster, average taster or hyper-taster and record it below next to “Tasting abilities”.
• Repeat with another group member.

Note: if your lab does not permit the use of food items in the lab, leave the room before conducting this experiment.

Subject #1: ____________________________

Number of taste buds: ___________________

Tasting abilities: ________________________

 

Subject #2: ____________________________

Number of taste buds: ___________________

Tasting abilities: ________________________

Station Two: Taste and Smell

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when applicable.

Tongue and Associated Structures

#1 lingual tonsils	#4 fungiform papillae	#7 circumvallate papillae
#2 palatine tonsils	#5 filiform papillae	#8 taste bud
#3 lingual papillae	#6 foliate papillae	#9 taste pore

Taste Pathway

#10 facial nerve (CN VII)	#12 vagus nerve (CN X)	#14 primary gustatory area
#11 glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)	#13 thalamus

Nose

#15 superior nasal conchae	#19 middle nasal meatus	#23 cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
#16 middle nasal conchae	#20 inferior nasal meatus	#24 olfactory foramina
#17 inferior nasal conchae	#21 olfactory epithelium
#18 superior nasal meatus	#22 olfactory glands

Olfactory Pathway

#25 olfactory epithelium	#27 olfactory nerve (CN I)	#29 olfactory tract
#26 olfactory receptors	#28 olfactory bulb	#30 primary olfactory area of the cerebral cortex

 

Station Three: Hearing

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when applicable.

Outer Ear

#1 auricle (pinna)	#3 lobule	#5 external auditory canal	#7 tympanic membrane
#2 helix	#4 external auditory meatus	#6 ceruminous glands

Middle Ear

#8 auditory ossicles	#10 incus	#12 Eustachian tube	#14 round window
#9 malleus	#11 stapes	#13 oval window

Inner Ear

#15 bony labyrinth	#18 cochlea	#21 utricle
#16 semicircular canals	#19 membranous labyrinth	#22 saccule
#17 vestibule	#20 semicircular canals	#23 organ of corti

Auditory Pathway

#24 vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

#25 primary auditory area of the cerebral cortex

 

Station Four: Histology

Sketch the slides available for today’s lab and specify the magnitude at which you are observing/ sketching. Be sure to identify and label your sketch with the corresponding structures listed beneath each slide.

Retina Pigmented layer, Neural layer	Tongue Fungiform papillae, Filiform papillae

 

Station Five: Eye Dissection

• First, determine the external surface features and structures of the cow eye. You should be able to identify: the sclera, or the white of the eye, the cornea, which is the semi-transparent layer covering the front part of the eye, and the optic nerve which protrudes from the posterior portion of the eye. There may be periorbital fat or external muscles still attached to the eye.
• Use dissecting scissors to cut away any fat or muscle attached to the eye.
• Using a scalpel, cut through the sclera along the frontal plane. When you remove the top of the eye, the part containing the cornea, what will remain is the lens sitting on top of a jelly-like mass known as the vitreous humor, it maintains the shape of the eye.
• Remove the lens and note how its composition is hard and similar to that of a marble. Next, remove the vitreous humor and take note of the shiny, blue layer along the inside of the back half of the eye, this is the retina.
• Moving back to the front half of the eye, depending on your initial halving of the eye, you can remove the iris from the cornea. Now lay out the contents of the cow eye from the most anterior through to the posterior portion of the eye and examine the structures.

*If you are the last table to use this station, be sure to clean off the dissection kits in the lab sink.

 

Station Six: Vision

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Fibrous Tunic

#1 sclera

#2 cornea

Vascular Tunic

#3 iris	#5 lens	#7 ciliary body
#4 pupil	#6 choroid

Neural Tunic

#8 retina	#12 pigmented layer	#16 bipolar cells
#9 optic disc	#13 neural layer	#17 horizontal cells
#10 macula lutea	#14 rods	#18 ganglion cells
#11 fovea centralis	#15 cones

Visual Pathway

#20 optic nerve	#22 optic tract
#21 optic chiasm	#23 primary visual area of the cerebral cortex

Eye Interior

#24 anterior chamber	#26 posterior chamber
#25 aqueous humor	#27 vitreous humor (body)

Muscles of the Eye

#28 levator palpebrae superioris	#30 inferior rectus	#32 medial rectus	#34 inferior oblique
#29 superior rectus	#31 lateral rectus	#33 superior oblique

Lacrimal Apparatus

#35 lacrimal gland	#36 superior lacrimal canaliculi	#38 lacrimal sac
#36 lacrimal puncta	#37 inferior lacrimal canaliculi	#39 nasolacrimal duct

Conjunctiva

#40 palpebral conjunctiva

#41 bulbar conjunctiva

(3 point)

Last Name: _______________________  First Name: _______________________

 

1. List the structures in each layer of the eye. (0.5 points)
   • Fibrous tunic:
   • Vascular tunic:
   • Neural tunic:

 

2. What is the olfactory pathway, starting from odorant to the primary olfactory area? How does this pathway differ from other sensory pathways? (0.5 points)

 

3. Match the following structures with their corresponding descriptions. (1 point)

   Name of Structure	Descriptions	No. of Structure
   1. Optic disc	an area where odorants bind to receptors to produce a sensation that will be perceived as smell
   2. Round window	contains approximately 100 taste buds
   3. Fungiform papillae	location of no visual activity, known as the “blind spot”
   4. Vitreous humor	contains the organs that sense dynamic equilibrium
   5. Olfactory epithelium	contains the organs that sense static equilibrium
   6. Filiform papillae	jelly-like mass that provides stability and structure to the eye
   7. Semicircular canals	provide friction, contains no taste buds
   8. Retina	contains approximately 5 taste buds
   9. Auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes)	the smallest bones in the body; transmits vibrations that are key to hearing
   10. Circumvallate papillae	possess the following layers to allow for the transmission of stimuli to the optic nerve; pigmented layer, photoreceptor layer, outer synaptic layer, bipolar cell layer, inner synaptic layer, ganglion layer
   11. Vestibule	membrane between the inner and middle ear to allow for pressure changes to equilibrate

    

4. Describe the path of sound traveling through the ear to CN (VIII). (list structures)(0.5 points)

 

 

 

5. Describe the function of the following muscles. Do they assist in intorsion, extortion, abduction, adduction, elevation and/or depression of the eye? (0.5 points)
   1. Superior Rectus-
   2. Inferior Rectus-
   3. Medial Rectus-
   4. Lateral Rectus-
   5. Superior Oblique-
   6. Inferior Oblique-

Measurable Outcomes

• Understand and identify the anatomical structures of the respiratory system on available models.
• Deduce the pathway of air through the respiratory system.
• Determine the pathway of pulmonary circulation.
• Identify the various muscles involved in respiration.
• Recognize the hallmarks of lung histology.
• Demonstrate an adequate understand of the material in this section.

Background

The respiratory system is responsible for the gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The main specialized organs of this process are the lungs which house clusters of sac-like structures known as alveoli. There are from 480 to 790 million alveoli which increase the efficiency of gas exchange by increasing surface area to around 118m² in men and 91m² in women. The respiratory system consists of the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli, along with their accessory structures. These structures are divided into the upper and lower respiratory systems, with the lower portion beginning at the larynx. The primary function of this system is to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment. Functionally, the respiratory system can be divided into the conducting zone, terminating at the terminal bronchioles; then air flows into the respiratory zone, where the actual gas exchange occurs.

Though we view each system individually in this lab, it is important to keep in mind that all organ systems overlap and work together in such a way that scientist are constantly discovering new connections. One such example is the nose. Not only is it the primary entrance and exit for respiration, but it also contains the olfactory epithelium, the primary structure of one of the special senses, olfaction. Likewise, the pharynx is a structure shared by both the respiratory and digestion systems.

Although both lungs functionally participate in respiration, they differ physically in various ways. The right lung is shorter and wider than the left lung, and the left lung occupies a smaller volume than the right. Another distinction between the two lungs is that the left lung contains the cardiac notch, which makes space for the heart. Furthermore, whereas the right lung has three lobes, the left lung has only two.

Though not visible on every model, each lung is surrounded by the pleura, which consists of two layers called the visceral and parietal pleurae. They are important because they lubricate the lungs and reduce friction during inhalation and exhalation.

Vocabulary for Respiratory System can be found on page(s) 169.

A list of words is provided below that you are expected to learn and label on the models provided. Note that not all models will have some of the organs/structures, so be sure to find them on an alternate model. You must use all the words provided. Using the colored tape provided, write the number that corresponds to the organ/structure and place it on your model. When complete, notify your TA so they may check your work.

For each additional station, directions will be provided for the activity.

 

Station One: Upper Respiratory

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

#1 nose	#6 septal nasal cartilage	#12 nasal conchae*	#16 laryngopharynx	#21 soft palate
#2 root	#7 major alar cartilages	#12 nasal meatuses*	#17 lingual tonsils	#22 uvula
#3 bridge	#8 minor cartilages	#13 pharynx	#18 palatine tonsils
#4 apex	#9 external naris	#14 nasopharynx	#19 pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)
#5 lateral nasal cartilages	#10 nasal cavity	#15 oropharynx	#20 hard palate

*There are Superior, Middle, and Inferior parts to these structures.

 

Station Two: Lower Respiratory

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

#1 larynx	#8 corniculate cartilages	#15 esophagus	#22 alveolar sacs	#29 middle lobe
#2 epiglottis	#9 cuneiform cartilage	#16 carina	#23 alveoli	#30 cardiac notch
#3 vestibular folds	#10 cricothyroid ligament	#17 primary (main) bronchi	#24 L/R lungs	#31 horizontal fissure
#4 vocal folds	#11 cricoid cartilage	#18 secondary (lobar) bronchi	#25 apex of lung	#32 oblique fissure
#5 thyrohyoid membrane	#12 cricotracheal ligament	#19 tertiary (segmental) bronchi	#26 base of lung	#33 hilum
#6 thyroid cartilage	#13 tracheal cartilages	#20 respiratory bronchioles	#27 superior lobe
#7 arytenoid cartilages	#14 trachea	#21 alveolar ducts	#28 inferior lobe

 

Station Three: Muscles of Respiration

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Muscles of Inspiration

#1 diaphragm

#2 external intercostals

#3 scalenes

#4 sternocleidomastoid

*Make note of which muscles are the primary muscles of inhalation, and which are the accessory muscles.

Muscles of Exhalation

#5 internal intercostals

#6 external oblique

#7 internal oblique

#8 transverse abdominis

#9 rectus abdominis

 

Station Four: Histology

Sketch the slides available for today’s lab and specify the magnitude at which you are observing/ sketching. Be sure to identify and label your sketch with the corresponding structures listed beneath each slide.

Lung
Terminal bronchioles, Respiratory bronchioles, Alveolar ducts, Alveolar sacs, Alveoli

 

Station Five: Lung Dissection

• First, identify the trachea and observe if it is flexible or stiff, does it collapse in on itself? Note the ringed structures along the trachea that support it and allow it to stay open. Identify any other structures along the outside of the lungs and trachea such as the pleural membrane or larynx if still attached.
• Lay the lungs where they both lay flat on the table. Using the dissecting scissors make a cut along the frontal plane beginning at the top of the trachea and working your way down to the branching of the primary bronchi.
• Cut along one of the bronchi, along the corresponding lung until you make a complete frontal plane cut.
• Use the pins provided and label as many structures as you can identify. Your TA will come around and ask you to identify the pins you have placed.
• Before leaving the station, remove all the pins you have placed.

*If you are the last table to use this station, be sure to clean off the dissection kits in the lab’s sink.

 

Station Six: Flow of Oxygen and Pulmonary Circulation

As a group, determine the path that oxygen travels starting from the nostrils to the alveoli. Be sure to identify where along that path each of the structures on the vocabulary list is located.

As a group, determine the route of pulmonary circulation. Be mindful of the fact that several structures are directly connected to the heart. Label the models/posters of this station with the # that corresponds to the appropriate vessels involved in pulmonary circulation using the colored tape. When you have finished, have your TA check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all of the labels you have placed on the models/posters.

#1 pulmonary trunk

#2 pulmonary arteries

#3 pulmonary capillaries

#4 pulmonary veins

(2 points)

Last Name: _______________________ First Name: _______________________

 

1) Write a C if the listed structure is part of the conducting zone and an R if it is part of the respiratory zone. Also, label whether the structure is part of the upper respiratory (U) or lower respiratory system (L). (0.5 point)

Example: Larynx        C      ,        L       

Alveoli ________________

Trachea ________________

Nasal cavity ________________

Bronchi ________________

Respiratory bronchioles ________________

Pharynx ________________

Alveolar ducts ________________

Terminal bronchioles ________________

 

2) Write the route that oxygen takes from when you inhale to the point of gas exchange with carbon dioxide. (0.5 point)

 

 

 

 

 

 

3) Give two unique characteristics of the pulmonary artery and vein. (0.5 point)

 

 

 

 

 

 

4) Describe the route of pulmonary circulation. (0.5 point)

 

 

Measurable Outcomes

• Visually identify major components, vessels, and structures of a dissected heart.
• Determine the anatomical structures of the heart on available models.
• Determine the pathway of blood flow through the heart.
• List and accurately classify the distinct types of blood cells from histological slides.
• Recognize the features of cardiac tissue under a microscope.
• Identify the major blood vessels required for this lab.
• Distinguish between arterial and venous flow.

Background

The cardiovascular system is responsible for the circulation of blood and transport of nutrients.  Large multicellular organisms developed such a system as a means of actively transporting nutrients to the cells of the body. The heart is the organ of focus in this lab. It is divided into four distinct chambers, which in concert work to circulate blood. When the heart beats, it pumps blood into two different circuits: pulmonary and systemic. Pulmonary circulation carries blood from the right side of the heart to the alveoli of the lungs and back to the left side of the heart, while the systemic circulation carries blood from the left side of the heart to all the organs and tissues of the body, then back to the right side of the heart. If it were possible to stretch out all of the blood vessels in the body, they would measure 60,000 to 100,000 miles, enough circle the earth roughly four times. The heart is an incredible organ capable, on average, of circulating roughly 2,000 gallons worth of blood each day. Furthermore, the heart is one of the few organs capable of operating entirely apart from the central nervous system which makes it one of the hardest working organs.

Blood is classified as liquid connective tissue and is vital in its roles of transportation, regulation, and protection. It is made of distinct types of cells, mostly derived from bone marrow, and helps maintain homeostasis. Plasma and cellular elements are the two main components of blood, where plasma makes up 55% of blood and cellular elements make up 45%. Plasma is mostly water but contains proteins and other solutes as well. The vast majority of cell elements are erythrocytes with less than 1% comprising of leukocytes and platelets.

In this lab we will focus on the major blood vessels of the cardiovascular system. Arteries are blood vessels that always carry blood away from the heart; the blood they carry is oxygenated (exception: pulmonary arteries). They generally have thicker walls than veins, the other major blood vessels in the cardiovascular system. Veins carry blood toward the heart and carry deoxygenated blood (exception: pulmonary veins). Both vessel types are formed by the tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia.

Vocabulary for the Cardiovascular System can be found on page(s) 163-165.

(5 points)

Last Name: _______________________ First Name: _______________________

 

Instructions:

Fill in the table below with the appropriate terms. For the remaining exercises, label the structures accordingly.

(1 point)

Name of a structure	is	directional term	to	Name of the second structure
pulmonary vein	is	proximal	to	right ventricle
auricle	is	superior	to
	is	inferior	to	heart’s base
anterior interventricular sulcus	is	anterior	to
	is	distal	to	ascending aorta
heart	is	medial	to
	is	lateral	to	left ventricle

 

Label the prominent coronary surface vessels. (0.5 points)

 

 

Label the prominent coronary surface vessels. (0.5 points)

 

 

Label the internal formations of the heart. (1 point)

 

 

 

Label the surface features of the anterior aspect of the heart. (0.5 points)

 

 

Label the surface features on the posterior aspect of the heart. (0.5 points)

 

 

Label the major systemic arteries of the body. (0.5 points)

 

Label the major systemic veins of the body. (0.5 points)

A list of words is provided below that you are expected to identify, learn, and label on the models provided. Note that not all models will have some of the organs/structures, so be sure to find them on an alternate model. You must use all the words provided. Using the colored tape provided, write the number that corresponds to the organ/structure and place them on your model. When complete, notify your TA so they may check your work.

For each additional station, directions will be provided for the activity.

 

Station One: Heart

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when applicable.

Orientation

#1 apex

#2 base

Layers

#3 pericardium

#4 epicardium

#5 endocardium

#6 myocardium

Surface Features

#7 superior vena cava	#10 left pulmonary artery	#13 ascending aorta	#16 posterior interventricular sulcus
#8 right pulmonary artery	#11 coronary sulcus	#14 descending aorta	#17 epicardial fat
#9 inferior vena cava	#12 arch of aorta	#15 anterior interventricular sulcus	#18 auricles

Internal Structures

#19 papillary muscles	#23 tricuspid valve	#27 right atrium	#31 left ventricle
#20 pectinate muscles	#24 bicuspid valve	#28 left atrium	#32 interventricular septum
#21 chordae tendineae	#25 pulmonary valve	#29 interatrial septum	#33 right bundle branches
#22 trabeculae carneae	#26 aortic valve	#30 right ventricle	#34 left bundle branches

Coronary Circulation – Arteries

#35 coronary arteries	#37 posterior interventricular branch	#39 circumflex branch	#41 branch of left coronary artery
#36 marginal branches	#38 right pulmonary artery	#40 anterior interventricular branch	#42 middle cardiac

Coronary Circulation – Veins

#43 coronary sinus	#45 great cardiac	#47 left pulmonary
#44 anterior cardiac	#46 small cardiac	#48 right pulmonary

 

Station Two: Major Upper Body Vessels

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when applicable.

Arterial Circulation

#1 brachiocephalic trunk	#6 vertebral arteries	#11 anterior cerebral artery	#16 thoracic aorta
#2 common carotid arteries	#7 basilar artery	#12 anterior communicating artery	#17 abdominal aorta
#3 internal carotid arteries	#8 posterior cerebral artery	#13 axillary arteries
#4 external carotid arteries	#9 posterior communicating artery	#14 radial arteries
#5 subclavian arteries	#10 middle cerebral artery	#15 ulnar arteries

Venous Circulation

#18 brachiocephalic veins	#22 axillary veins	#26 medial cubital veins	#30 azygos vein
#19 internal jugular veins	#23 brachial veins	#27 radial veins	#31 hemiazygos vein
#20 subclavian veins	#24 cephalic veins	#28 ulnar veins	#32 accessory hemiazygos vein
#21 external jugular veins	#25 basilic veins	#29 median antebrachial veins

 

Station Three: Major Lower Body Vessels

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when applicable.

Arterial Circulation

#1 suprarenal arteries	#6 celiac trunk	#11 external iliac arteries	#16 anterior tibial arteries
#2 renal arteries	#7 common hepatic artery	#12 internal iliac arteries	#17 posterior tibial arteries
#3 gonadal arteries	#8 splenic artery	#13 femoral arteries	#18 fibular arteries
#4 inferior mesenteric artery	#9 lumbar arteries	#14 deep femoral arteries
#5 superior mesenteric artery	#10 common iliac arteries	#15 popliteal arteries

Venous Circulation

#19 ascending lumbar veins	#24 hepatic portal veins	#30 common iliac veins	#35 popliteal veins
#20 gonadal veins	#25 inferior mesenteric vein	#31 internal iliac veins	#36 small saphenous veins
#21 renal veins	#26 splenic vein	#32 external iliac veins	#37 anterior tibial veins
#22 suprarenal veins	#27 superior mesenteric vein	#33 femoral veins	#38 fibular veins
#23 hepatic veins	#28 inferior phrenic vein	#34 great saphenous veins

 

Station Four: Histology &  Differential Blood Count 

Sketch the slides available for today’s lab and specify the magnitude at which you are observing/ sketching. Be sure to identify and label your sketch with the corresponding structures listed beneath each slide.

Blood Vessels

Vein	Artery

Blood Components

Leukocyte	Thrombocyte

Leukocytes

Basophil	Eosinophil

Neutrophil	Lymphocyte

Monocyte

Cardiac

Cardiac muscle

Differential Blood count 

• Place the blood smear slide under the microscope and focus it to 70x magnification.
• Once you have isolated a portion of the smear, count the number of each type of blood cell. Record the numbers below

Note: Platlets may not be visible at this magnification

• RBC: _________Neutrophils: _________
• Basophils: _________Eosinophils: _________
• Monocytes: _________Lymphocytes: _________

 

Station Five: Heart Dissection

• Observe and identify all the surface anatomy of the heart.
• Orientate the heart so that the ventral side is facing you. The base of the heart should be positioned right side up for dissection.
• Using your fingers or a probe, find the following at the base of the heart: pulmonary vein, aorta, vena cava, and pulmonary trunk.
• Using the superior vena cava and pulmonary vein as guides, make a coronal incision using the scapula.
• Observe and place pins on the following structures: R/L ventricles, R/L atriums, interventricular septum, the valves, tissue layers (cardiac muscle, papillary muscles). Your TA will come around and ask your goup to identify the pins you have placed.
• Before leaving the station, remove all the pins you have placed.

*If you are the last table to use this station, be sure to clean off the dissection kits in the lab’s sink.

 

Station Six: Flow of Blood and Blood Typing

As a group, determine the flow of blood through the various structures and vessels of the heart. Be sure to identify where along that path each of the structures on the vocabulary list is located. Use the rest of this page to draw out the pathway.

As a group, determine the different blood type in this station. Follow the procedure below in order to do so.

• Obtain a blood-sampling tray and place two drops of the synthetic blood into the wells.
• Place two drops of the Anti-a “antibody” into the well labeled a. Using a toothpick, mix well and allow to sit undisturbed for one minute. Note any clotting that may occur.
• Place two drops of the Anti-B “antibody” into the well labeled B. Using a toothpick, mix well and allow to sit undisturbed for one minute. Note any clotting that may occur.
• Place two drops of the Anti-Rh “antibody” into the corresponding well. With a toothpick, mix well and allow to sit undisturbed for one minute. Note any clotting that may occur.
• Using your knowledge of the interaction between blood antigens and their corresponding antibodies, determine the blood type. Remember that if an antibody finds its targeted antigens, it causes blood coagulation. If no coagulation occurs, this means that the blood does not contain any of the antigens.

(3 points)

Last Name: _______________________  First Name: _______________________

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Measurable Outcomes

• Label the anatomical structures of the digestive system on available models.
• Explain the pathway of food from the mouth to the anus, identifying major landmarks along the way.
• Deduce the pathway of major arteries and veins that supply the organs of the digestive system.
• Identify the histology of the digestive organs on microscope slides.
• Demonstrate an adequate understand of the material in this section.

Background

The digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract (also known as the alimentary canal), a hollow muscular tube extending from the mouth to the anus, and accessory organs, including the liver and pancreas.  Technically, until food is absorbed in the intestines it is considered to be outside of the body. To promote absorption, the intestines have villi which contain hair-like structures called microvilli. Like the alveoli of the lungs, microvilli substantially increase the surface area of the intestines to between 180 to 300 m² (the size of the average American home).  Major structures of the gastrointestinal tract include the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. These structures and organs form a  hollow space from mouth to anus and function to chemically and mechanically catabolize and absorb nutrients. Along the way organs such as the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas release enzymes to aid digestion and are known collectively as accessory structures.

The organs of the GI tract are made from four layers, the inner lining or mucosa, the submucosa containing blood vessels and lymphatics, the muscularis or smooth muscle layer, and the outermost layer or serosa/adventitia. Each layer plays a vital role in the digestive system ranging in their capacity to form a protective barrier from the highly acidic contents of the stomach to supplying hormones, producing muscle contractions and draining lymph. Furthermore, specialized cells such as the foveolar, chief cells of the stomach are supporting cells which produce a protective layer of mucus and gastric acid for digestion. Other supporting cells, such as the gastric parietal cells of the stomach and the ductal and acinar cells of the pancreas release zymogens, inactive forms of digestive enzymes.

The peritoneum is a large serous membrane which lines the abdominal cavity and coverers most of the digestive organs. some organs are only partially covered by the peritoneum while others are entirely uncovered. These organs are referred to as being retroperitoneal. Formed by the double folding of the peritoneum is a continuous set of tissues known as the mesentery. This organ was relatively recently reclassified as an organ after discovering its complex constitution. The mesentery houses lymphatic vessels as well as providing a conduit for the blood vessels for the small and large intestines.

Vocabulary for Digestive System can be found on page(s) 165-166.

(5 points)

Last Name: _______________________  First Name: _______________________

 

Instructions:

Fill in the table below with the appropriate terms. For the remaining exercises, label the structures accordingly.

(1 point)

Name of a structure	is	directional term	to	Name of the second structure
gallbladder	is	posterior	to	liver
transverse colon	is	superior	to
	is	inferior	to	small intestine
liver	is	anterior	to
	is	distal	to	duodenum
jejunum	is	medial	to
	is	lateral	to	left lobe of liver

 

Label all digestive organs of the GI tract. (1 point)

 

Label the elements of the alimentary canal. (0.5 points)

 

 

Label the different aspects of the mouth. (0.5 points)

 

 

Label the major salivary glands and ducts. (0.5 points)

 

 

Label the aspects of the stomach accordingly. (0.5 points)

 

Label the accessory organs, structures, and ducts of the digestive system. (0.5 points)

 

 

 

Label the structures and features of the large intestine. (0.5 points)

 

A list of words is provided below that you are expected to identify, learn, and label on the models provided. Note that not all models will have some of the organs/structures, so be sure to find them on an alternate model. You must use all the words provided. Using the colored tape provided, write the number that corresponds to the organ/structure and place them on your model. When complete, notify your TA so they may check your work.

For each additional station, directions will be provided for the activity.

 

Station One: Mouth

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when applicable.

Mouth

#1 labial frenulum	#3 hard palate	#5 uvula
#2 fauces	#4 soft palate

Tongue

#6 tongue	#9 fungiform papillae	#11 circumvallate papillae	#13 taste pore
#7 lingual frenulum	#10 filiform papillae	#12 taste bud	#14 base
#8 apex

Teeth

#15 incisor	#18 molar	#21 root	#24 pulp cavity	#27 cementum
#16 canine	#19 crown	#22 enamel	#25 pulp	#28 periodontal ligament
#17 premolar	#20 neck	#23 dentin	#26 apical foramen	#29 gingiva

Salivary Glands

#30 submandibular

#31 parotid

#32 sublingual

 

Station Two: Esophagus and Stomach

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Esophagus

#1 upper esophageal sphincter

#2 lower esophageal sphincter

Stomach

#3 gastric pits	#6 cardia	#9 pylorus	#12 circular muscle layer
#4 gastric glands	#7 gastric body	#10 pyloric sphincter	#13 oblique muscle layer
#5 fundus	#8 rugae	#11 longitudinal muscle layer

 

 

 

Station Three: Liver, Gallbladder and Pancreas

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when applicable.

Liver

#1 right lobe of liver	#3 right hepatic duct	#5 common hepatic duct	#7 hepatic canaliculi
#2 left lobe of liver	#4 left hepatic duct	#6 hepatic lobule	#8 falciform ligament

Gallbladder

#9 fundus of gallbladder	#11 neck of gallbladder	#13 common bile duct
#10 body of gallbladder	#12 cystic duct

Pancreas

#14 acinar cells	#16 islets of Langerahans	#18 pancreatic head	#20 uncinate process	#22 pancreatic duct
#15 endocrine cells	#17 pancreatic tail	#19 pancreatic body	#21 accessory duct

 

Station Four: Histology

Sketch the slides available for today’s lab and specify the magnitude at which you are observing/ sketching. Be sure to identify and label your sketch with the corresponding structures listed beneath each slide.

 

Tooth Enamel, Dentin, Pulp	Parotid Gland
Tongue Fungiform papillae, Filiform papillae, Circumvallate papillae, Taste bud, Taste pore	Esophagus Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis externa

Pancreas Acinar cells, Endocrine cells, Islets of Langerhans	Liver Hepatic lobules, Hepatic canaliculi
Duodenum Lumen, Villi, Mucosa, Submucsa, Muscularis, Externa Serosa	Large Intestine Lumen, Crypts of Lieberkühn, Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis externa, Serosa

Vermiform appendix

 

Station Five: Small and Large Intestines

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when applicable.

Small Intestine

#1 microvilli	#4 submucosa	#8 enterocytes	#11 ampulla of Vater	#14 ileum
#2 vili	#6 muscularis	#9 plicae circulares	#12 sphincter of Oddi	#15 ileocecal valve
#3 mucosa	#7 serosa	#10 duodenum	#13 jejunum

Large Intestine

#16 crypts of Lieberkühn	#20 serosa	#24 right colic flexure	#28 sigmoid colon	#32 rectum
#17 mucosa	#21 cecum	#25 transverse colon	#29 teniae coli	#33 anal canal
#18 submucosa	#22 vermiform appendix	#26 left colic flexure	#30 haustra	#34 anal sphincter
#19 muscularis	#23 ascending colon	#27 descending colon	#31 epiploic appendices	#35 anus

Miscellaneous

#36 peritoneum	#38 greater omentum	#40 mesoappendix
#37 mesentery of transverse colon	#39 lesser omentum

 

Station Six: Flow of Gastrointestinal Tract

As a group, determine the route boluses take through the various organs of the digestive tract. Be sure to identify the location of each structure on the vocabulary list of this lab section.

(3 points)

Last Name: _______________________ First Name: _______________________

 

1. Describe the pathway food takes upon ingesting it, making sure to include all accessory structures. (0.5 point)

 

 

 

 

 

2. Explain the differences between the layers of the gastrointestinal tract. (0.5 points)

 

 

 

 

 

3. Match the terms with their corresponding descriptions. (0.5 points)

   Name of Structure	Description	No. of Structure
   1. Ileum	the largest salivary glands that produce approximately 25% of the saliva produced daily
   2. Gallbladder	passageway for liquids, foods, AND air
   3. Fauces	the modified muscularis of the large intestine
   4. Parotid glands	structures on the tongue that provide friction, allowing the tongue to move food in the oral cavity during mastication efficiently
   5. Filiform papillae	the terminal portion of the small intestine
   6. Pulp cavity	where bile made in the liver joins the bile stored in the gallbladder
   7. Pharynx	the opening between the oral cavity and the oropharynx
   8. Rugae	inner part of the tooth containing nerves and blood vessels
   9. Common bile duct	storage area for bile
   10. Teniae coli	folds of the inner wall of the stomach

 

4. List each type of tooth. How do they function during mastication? (0.5)

 

 

 

5. List the accessory and primary structures of the GI tract. Why would accessory structures not be classified as primary organs/structures of the digestive system? (0.5 point)

 

 

 

6. A patient with cancerous growths in their salivary glands undergoes surgery to have them removed.  How might this affect the digestive processes? (0.5 points)

Measurable Outcomes

• Analyze reproductive and urinary organ tissues under the microscope.
• Complete the dissection of the kidney and accurately identify (with a pin) all structures of the kidney using the corresponding vocabulary list.
• Learn about the organs of the urinary system: kidney, ureter, urinary bladder and urethra, as well as the structural elements of the nephron and label on any available models.
• Compare and contrast the elements of the male and female reproductive systems and their associated accessory glands.
• Recognize homologous structures of the male and female reproductive systems.
• Demonstrate an adequate understand of the material in this section.

Background

The urinary system is one of excretion, elimination and reabsorption. It is made from four organs, only one of which produces urine (the kidney). Nephrons, the smallest functional unit of the kidneys, are found in numbers of one to two million within the kidney and can filter up to 400 gallons of cycled blood, daily. The kidneys receive more blood than the heart, liver, or even the brain and have vital functions such as the regulation of pH, blood pressure, concentration of blood solutes and concentration of red blood cells. The remaining three organs (ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra) facilitate urine storage and secretion. Of these organs, only the urethra is anatomically distinct between males and females.

The reproductive system is designed to propagate a species and therefore has two primary functions: the production of gametes (n) and sex hormones.  Male gametes are referred to as sperm cells, whereas female gametes are called ova. Reproduction is very metabolically taxing especially for the female. To illustrate, mature ovum can contain as many as 600,000 mitochondria; to reference, liver cells and cardiac muscles cells contain 2,000 and 5,000 mitochondria respectively. The role of the male reproductive system is to produce sperm and transfer them to the female reproductive tract. Although they originate from similar primordial tissues, the female and male reproductive systems differ in gonad type, ducts, accessory glands, and external genitalia. Male gonads are referred to as testes while the female gonads as ovaries; both are the sites of their respective gametogenesis. The hormones produced by the gonads are crucial to the reproductive system and sexual development, including primary and secondary sexual development, tissue regeneration, and production of gametes.

Humans are a sexually dimorphic species, which mean that there are distinguishing secondary sex characteristics. The hormones that influence male primary and secondary sexual development are called androgens. The hormones that influence female primary secondary sexual development are called estrogens. In females, this entails the development of breasts which are specialized sweat glands.  Males also have mammary tissue but their development is arrested early. Similarly, the thyroid cartilage is enlarged and commonly referred to as an Adam’s apple in males but not so in females.

A developing fetus remains anatomically undifferentiated a will either develop characteristically male or female anatomy. At some point of gestation, the fetus will develop both Wolffian and Müllerian ducts, anlagen of the male and female reproductive systems. As a result, there are several elements of the male and female reproductive systems which are homologous.  Such structures share developmental and evolutionary origins but are not necessarily similar in function. The following are the homologous structures of the male and female reproductive system: labia majora – male scrotum; labia minora – shaft of penis; clitoris – glans penis; paraurethral gland – prostate gland; greater vestibular gland – bulbourethral gland.
Vocabulary for the Urinary and Reproductive systems on page(s) 172 and 168.

(5 points)

Last Name: _______________________ First Name: _______________________

 

Instructions:

Fill in the table below with the appropriate terms. For the remaining exercises, label the structures accordingly.

(1 point)

Name of a structure	is	directional term	to	Name of the second structure
scrotum	is	posterior	to	penis
kidneys	is	superior	to
	is	inferior	to	urinary bladder
pubic symphysis	is	anterior	to
	is	distal	to	prostate gland
uterus	is	medial	to
	is	lateral	to	urethra

 

Label the structures and regions of the left kidney. (1 point)

 

 

Label the structures of the nephron. (0.5 points)

 

Label the structures of the bladder. (0.5 points)

 

 

Label the parts of the male urinary/reproductive systems. (0.5 points)

 

Label the structures of the male reproductive system. (0.25 points)	Label the structures of the male reproductive system. (0.25 points)

 

Label the parts of the female urinary/reproductive system. (0.5 points)

 

Label the structures of the breasts. (0.25 points)

 

Label the structures of the uterus. (0.25 points)

 

A list of words is provided below that you are expected to identify, learn, and label on the models provided. Note that not all models will have some of the organs/structures, so be sure to find them on an alternate model. You must use all the words provided. Using the colored tape provided, write the number that corresponds to the organ/structure and place them on your model. When complete, notify your TA so they may check your work.

For each additional station, directions will be provided for the activity.

 

Station One: Urinary

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

#1 renal fascia	#11 renal pelvis	#21 external urethral orifice	#31 proximal convoluted tubule
#2 adipose capsule	#12 renal hilum	#22 cortical nephron	#32 descending loop of Henle
#3 renal capsule	#13 ureter	#23 juxtamedullary nephron	#33 ascending loop of Henle
#4 renal cortex	#14 urinary bladder	#24 juxtaglomerular apparatus	#35 distal convoluted tubule
#5 renal medulla	#15 detrusor muscle	#25 renal corpuscle	#36 collecting duct
#6 renal lobe	#16 rugae	#26 glomerulus	#37 papillary duct
#7 renal pyramid	#17 urinary trigone	#27 podocyte	#38 minor calyx
#8 renal columns	#18 internal urethral sphincter	#28 bowman’s capsule	#39 major calyx
#9 renal papilla	#19 external urethral sphincter	#29 capsular space
#10 renal sinus	#20 urethra	#30 renal tubules

Blood Vessels

#40 renal artery	#43 arcuate arteries	#46 glomerular capillaries	#49 cortical radiate veins	#52 renal vein
#41 segmental arteries	#44 cortical radiate arteries	#47 efferent arterioles	#50 arcuate veins
#42 interlobar arteries	#45 afferent arterioles	#48 peritubular capillaries	#51 interlobar veins

 

Station Two: Reproductive – Male

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

#1 pubic symphysis	#11 head of sperm	#21 seminal vesicles	#31 prepuce of penis
#2 dartos muscle	#12 midpiece of sperm	#22 bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands	#32 external urethral orifice
#3 cremaster muscle	#13 tail of sperm	#23 ejaculatory ducts	#33 root of penis
#4 scrotum	#14 seminiferous tubules	#24 prostatic urethra	#34 bulb of penis
#5 scrotal septum	#15 straight tubule	#25 intermediate urethra	#35 crus of penis
#6 testis	#16 rete testis	#26 spongy urethra	#36 suspensory ligament of penis
#7 lobules	#17 epididymis	#27 penis	#37 spermatic cord
#8 leydig cells	#18 ductus (vas) deferens	#28 corpus cavernosum	#38 deep muscle of perineum
#9 sertoli cells	#19 ampulla of ductus deferens	#29 corpus spongiosum
#10 sperm	#20 prostate glands	#30 glans penis

 

Station Three: Reproductive – Female

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

#1 pubic symphysis	#10 isthmus of uterine tube	#19 fundus of uterus	#28 vaginal orifice	#37 breast
#2 placenta	#11 broad ligament	#20 body of uterus	#29 mons pubis	#36 areola
#3 ovary	#12 round ligament	#21 isthmus	#30 vulva	#39 nipple
#4 ova	#13 uterosacral ligament	#22 cervix	#31 labia majora	#40 mammary glands
#5 ovarian ligament	#14 uterus	#23 external os	#32 labia minora	#41 lobule
#6 uterine (Fallopian) tube	#15 endometrium	#24 internal os	#33 vestibule	#42 lactiferous ducts
#7 fimbriae of uterine tube	#16 myometrium	#25 vagina	#34 clitoris	#43 lactiferous sinus
#8 infundibulum of uterine tube	#17 perimetrium	#26 fornix	#35 external urethral orifice	#44 mammary ducts
#9 ampulla of uterine tube	#18 uterine cavity	#27 rugae	#36 vestibular glands	#45 mammary alveoli

 

Station Four: Histology

Sketch the slides available for today’s lab and specify the magnitude at which you are observing/ sketching. Be sure to identify and label your sketch with the corresponding structures listed beneath each slide.

Urinary

Kidney

Bowman’s capsule (renal corpuscle), Glomerulus

 

Male Reproductive

Testis  Seminiferous tubules, Lobules	Epididymis

Human Sperm 
Head, Midpiece, Tail

 

Female Reproductive

Mammary gland  Mammary alveoli, Lobule, Ducts	Uterus  Endometrium, Myometrium, Perimetrium
Placenta	Ovary Mature (Graafian) follicle

 

Station Five: Kidney Dissection

• Upon receiving your kidney, identify the renal hilum, from which the renal artery, renal vein, and ureter protrude (it is also the indented portion of the kidney).
• Now lay the kidney on its broadest most flat portion, with the renal hilum facing opposite your dominant hand (if you are right-handed, the hilum should be facing left).
• Using the scalpel from your dissection kit, cut the kidney in half lengthwise from the side, meaning, your scalpel should begin at the anterior, medial section of the kidney and work its way down to the posterior medial section. (DO NOT make sawing motions with the scalpel.) Continue making these incisions with your scalpel until you have separated the halves of a kidney
• Obtain pins from the table and place them on as many structures as you can identify. Your lab TA will come around and ask you to identify the pins you have placed.
• Before leaving the station, remove all the pins you have placed.

*If you are the last table to use this station, be sure to clean off the dissection kits in the lab’s sink.

 

Station Six: Filtrate Path and Blood Flow through Kidney

As a group, determine the route of urine through the various ducts of the kidney, originating at the glomerulus and ending with the urethra. Be sure to identify where along that path each of the structures on the vocabulary list is located.

As a group, determine the course of blood through the vessels of the kidney.

Note: The following three pages are left blank for the purpose of drawing out these two pathways.

 

(2 points)

Last Name: _______________________  First Name: _______________________

 

1. Match the structure with the corresponding description. (0.5 point)
   

   Name of Structure	Description	No. of structure
   1. ureters	Area where renal vessels and ureters converge
   2. kidney	urination
   3. renal capsule	nephrons located deep in the renal medullas
   4. micturition	smooth muscle of the bladder
   5. rugae of the mucosa	organ of urine production
   6. hilum	includes Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus
   7. collecting duct	folds in the bladder when empty
   8. detrusor	a  structure where nephrons drain urine into
   9. renal capsule	collagen membrane around the kidney
   10. juxtamedullary nephrons	tubules that conduct urine from the kidney to bladder

 

2. Write down the path of urine from the point of origin to secretion. (0.5 point)

 

 

 

 

 

3. Match the structure with the corresponding description. (0.5 point)

   Name of Structure	Description	No. of structure
   1. Ductus- vas- deferens	produce sperm and testosterone
   2. Areola	small convoluted tubules and site of spermatogenesis
   3. Testes	conduct sperm to the urethra during ejaculation
   4. Mammary gland	produces an ovum, estrogen, and progesterone
   5. Fimbriae	a gland in mammals that produces milk
   6. Corpus cavernosum and spongiosum	ducts that carry milk from the mammary glands to the nipple
   7. Labia major	pigmented area around the nipple
   8. Seminiferous tubules	the larger outer folds of the vulva surrounding the inner folds; contain adipose tissue and hair
   9. Ovaries	erectile tissues that form the bulk of the penis
   10. Lactiferous ducts	small fingerlike projections at the end of the fallopian tubes

    

4. What is unique about the location/position of the kidneys? (0.5 point)

 

 

(5 points)

Last Name: _______________________ First Name: _______________________

 

Instructions:

Fill in the table below with the appropriate terms. For the remaining exercises, label the structures accordingly.

(1 point)

Name of a structure	is	directional term	to	Name of the second structure
trapezius	is	proximal	to	pectoralis major
diaphragm	is	superior	to
	is	inferior	to	scalenes
rectus abdominis	is	anterior	to
	is	distal	to	biceps femoris
pectoralis minor	is	medial	to
	is	lateral	to	external oblique

 

Label the major muscles. (0.5 points)

This is the ( ventral /dorsal ) aspect of the body. (circle one)

 

Label the major muscles of the body. (0.5 points)

This is the ( ventral /dorsal ) aspect of the body. (circle one)

 

Label the muscles of the head. (0.25 points)

 

Label the muscles of the eye. (0.25 points)

 

Label the major abdominal muscles. (0.25 points)

 

Label the major muscles of the lower leg. (0.25 points)

 

Label the layers of the epidermis. (0.5 points)

Label the layers of integument and accessory structures. (0.5 points)

 

A list of words is provided below that you are expected to identify, learn, and label on the models provided. Note that not all models will have some of the organs/structures, so be sure to find them on an alternate model. You must use all the words provided. Using the colored tape provided, write the number that corresponds to the organ/structure and place them on your model. When complete, notify your TA so they may check your work.

For each additional station, directions will be provided for the activity.

 

Station One: Muscles of the Upper Body

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when applicable.

Muscles of the Head and Neck

#1 epicranial aponeurosis	#7 nasalis	#13 zygomaticus minor	#19 sternocleidomastoid
#2 front belly of occipitofrontalis	#8 orbicularis oculi	#14 zygomaticus major	#20 platysma
#3 occipital belly of occipitofrontalis	#9 levator labii superioris	#15 buccinator	#21 sternohyoid
#4 temporalis	#10 levator anguli oris	#16 risorius	#22 scalenes
#5 auricularis superior	#11 depressor anguli oris	#17 orbicularis oris
#6 procerus	#12 depressor labii inferioris	#18 mentalis

Muscles of the Eye

#23 levator palpebrae superioris	#25 medial rectus	#27 inferior recuts	#29 superior oblique
#24 lateral recuts	#26 superior rectus	#28 inferior oblique	#30 trochlea

Muscles of the Arms

#31 deltoid	#33 clavicular part of deltoid	#35 coracobrachialis	#37 biceps brachii	#39 brachioradialis
#32 acromial part of deltoid	#34 spinal part of deltoid	#36 triceps brachii	#38 brachialis	#40 extensor digitorum

 

Station Two: Muscles of the Back and Abdomen

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when applicable.

#1 trapezius	#7 teres major	#13 pectoralis minor	#19 internal intercostals
#2 levator scapulae	#8 teres minor	#14 serratus anterior	#20 external intercostals
#3 splenius capitis	#9 rhomboid major	#15 recuts abdominis	#21 diaphragm
#4 supraspinatus	#10 rhomboid minor	#16 external oblique
#5 infraspinatus	#11 latissimus dorsi	#17 internal oblique
#6 subscapularis	#12 pectoralis major	#18 transversus abdominis

 

Station Three: Muscles of the Lower Body

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when applicable.

#1 gluteus maximus	#7 vastus lateralis	#13 gracilis	#19 extensor digitorum longus
#2 gluteus medius	#8 vastus intermedius	#14 adductor longus	#20 fibularis longus
#3 gluteus minimus	#9 hamstrings	#15 pectineus	#21 tibialis anterior
#4 quadriceps	#10 biceps femoris	#16 sartorius	#22 flexor digitorum longus
#5 rectus femoris	#11 semitendionosus	#17 gastrocnemius	#23 tibialis posterior
#6 vastus medialis	#12 semimembranosus	#18 soleus

Station Four: Histology – Muscle

Sketch the slides available for today’s lab and specify the magnitude at which you are observing/ sketching. Be sure to identify and label your sketch with the corresponding structures listed beneath each slide.

 

Striated muscle	Cardiac muscle  Intercalated discs

 

Station Five: Histology – Integumentary

Sketch the slides available for today’s lab and specify the magnitude at which you are observing/ sketching. Be sure to identify and label your sketch with the corresponding structures listed beneath each slide.

Skin of palm Epidermis, Dermis, Papillary layer, Reticular layer	Human scalp w/hair follicle Epidermis, Dermis, Arrecotr pili muscle, Sebaceous gland, Dermal papilla, Hair follicle, Hair bulb

Squamous epithelium

 

Station Six: Integumentary

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Skin

#1 epidermis	#5 stratum spinosum	#9 papillary layer	#13 hypodermis superficial fascia
#2 stratum corneum	#6 stratum basale	#10 reticular layer	#14 lamellated corpuscles
#3 stratum lucidum	#7 epidermal ridges	#11 dermal papillae	#15 thin (hairy) skin
#4 stratum granulosum	#8 dermis	#12 subcutaneous layer (Hypodermis)	#16 thick (hairless) skin

#17 squamous epithelium

Hair

#18 pili	#20 hair root	#22 bulb
#19 hair shaft	#21 hair follicle	#23 arrector pili muscles

Glands

#24 sebaceous	#26 eccrine sweat	#28 ceruminous
#25 sudoriferous	#27 aprocrine

Nail

#29 nail body (nail plate)	#31 lunula	#33 nail bed
#30 free edge	#32 eponychium (cuticle)

(2 points)

Last Name: ­­_______________________  First Name: _________________________

 

1. What muscles,  in the dermis are responsible for erecting hair follicles? (0.5 points)

 

 

 

2. While examining a patient’s eye, a doctor instructs them to move their right eye upward, to the left. Which muscles of the eye were utilized to perform this task? (0.5 points)

 

 

 

3. What muscle of the cervical region has two origins? (0.5 points)

 

 

 

4. What is the primary muscle used for normal breathing? Which additional muscles are utilized to increase inspiration and expiration during strenuous exercise? (0.5 points)