Human Anatomy Lab Manual

Malgosia Wilk-Blaszczak

Kevin Alford, Andrea Campo-Velez, and Victoria Dorch

Mavs Open Press

Arlington

Human Anatomy Lab Manual by Malgosia Wilk-Blaszczak is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

Images are individually licensed as noted in the back matter.

Contents

- About the Publisher

- About this Project

- Acknowledgments

- Lab 1: Anatomical Language

- Lab 1: Anatomical Language

- Pre-Lab 1

- Lab Activities

- Post-Lab 1 Questions

- Lab 2: Bones and Bone Markings

- Lab 2: Bones and Bone Markings

- Pre-Lab 2

- Lab Activities

- Post-Lab 2 Questions

- Lab 3: Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves

- Lab 3: Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves

- Lab Activities

- Post-Lab 3 Questions

- Lab 4: Brain and Cranial Nerves

- Lab 4: Brain and Cranial Nerves

- Pre-lab 4

- Lab Activities

- Post-Lab 4 Questions

- Lab 5: Special Senses

- Lab 5: Special Senses

- Pre-lab 5

- Lab Activities

- Post-Lab 5 Questions

- Lab 6: Respiratory System

- Lab 6: Respiratory System

- Lab Activities

- Post-Lab 6 Questions

- Lab 7: The Cardiovascular system

- Lab 7: The Cardiovascular system

- Pre-lab 7

- Lab Activities

- Post-Lab 7 Questions

- Lab 8: Digestive System

- Lab 8: Digestive System

- Pre-Lab 8

- Lab Activities

- Post-Lab 8 Questions

- Lab 9: Urinary and Reproductive Systems

- Lab 9: Urinary and Reproductive Systems

- Pre-lab 9

- Lab Activities

- Post-Lab 9 Questions

- Lab 10: The Muscular and Integumentary systems

- Lab 10: The Muscular and Integumentary systems

- Pre-Lab 10

- Lab Activities

- Post-Lab 10 Questions

- Vocabulary

- Vocabulary

- Links by Chapter

- Image Credits

About the Publisher

Mavs Open Press

About Mavs Open Press

Creation of this resource was supported by Mavs Open Press, operated by the University of Texas at Arlington Libraries (UTA Libraries). Mavs Open Press offers no-cost services for UTA faculty, staff, and students who wish to openly publish their scholarship. The Libraries’ program provides human and technological resources that empower our communities to publish new open access journals, to convert traditional print journals to open access publications, and to create or adapt open educational resources (OER). Resources published by Mavs Open Press are openly licensed using Creative Commons licenses and are offered in various e-book formats free of charge. Optional print copies may be available through the UTA Bookstore or can be purchased through print-on-demand services, such as Lulu.com.

About OER

OER are free teaching and learning materials that are licensed to allow for revision and reuse. They can be fully self-contained textbooks, videos, quizzes, learning modules, and more. OER are distinct from public resources in that they permit others to use, copy, distribute, modify, or reuse the content. The legal permission to modify and customize OER to meet the specific learning objectives of a particular course make them a useful pedagogical tool.

About Pressbooks

Pressbooks is a web-based authoring tool based on WordPress, and it is the primary tool that Mavs Open Press (in addition to many other open textbook publishers) uses to create and adapt open textbooks. In May 2018, Pressbooks announced their Accessibility Policy, which outlines their efforts and commitment to making their software accessible. Please note that Pressbooks no longer supports use on Internet Explorer as there are important features in Pressbooks that Internet Explorer doesn’t support.

The following browsers are best to use for Pressbooks:

- Firefox

- Chrome

- Safari

- Edge

About the Print Version

This publication was designed to work best online and features hyperlinks in the text. We have retained the blue font for hyperlinks in the print version to make it easier to find the URL in the “Links by Chapter” section at the back of the book.

Contact Us

Information about open education at UTA is available online. If you are an instructor who is using this OER for a course, please let us know by filling out our OER Adoption Form. Contact us at pressbooks@uta.edu for other inquires related to UTA Libraries publishing services.

About this Project

Overview

This is a lab manual for a college-level human anatomy course (BIOL 3446 at UTA).  Despite the abundance of information readily available via Google, the mastery of anatomy requires a fair amount of memorization for quick recall.  The activities in this manual encourage students to engage with new vocabulary in many ways, including grouping key terms, matching terms to structures, recalling definitions, and written exercises.

As the majority of college campuses do not have easy access to a cadaver, most of the activities in this manual utilize anatomical models. Also included are several dissections of animal tissues, and a significant amount of histological examinations.

Each unit includes both pre- and post-lab questions and six lab exercises designed for a classroom where students move from station to station during a three-hour period.  Effort was put into equalizing the time required to perform each lab exercise, to facilitate class flow.  The vocabulary terms used in each unit are listed at the end of the manual and serve as a checklist for practicals.

Creation Process

When Malgosia Wilk-Blaszczak began teaching human anatomy at UTA she realized that while there are many commercially available manuals which incorporate a lot of human physiology, none of them focus solely on anatomy. She decided to create a manual for anatomy labs that could fill that void. The first version of this work was created and used in anatomy labs at UTA.

The idea of publishing the lab manual as an OER came to her courtesy of Michelle Reed, Open Education Librarian at UTA. To make this leap to an open platform, she enlisted the help of some of her best students. In Fall 2017, one year prior to the publication of this work, Wilk recruited a group of three excellent undergraduate teaching assistants. These students worked with UTA Libraries to identify openly licensed images and incorporate them into the text. Libraries’ staff assisted in migrating the resource to Pressbooks, where it could be easily exported into a variety of formats. Furthermore, we conducted student surveys to gather feedback. Wilk’s teaching assistants have always been an important part of her pedagogy. With their assistance, she was able to complete and openly publish this anatomy lab manual. The students put in the hard work to change all illustrations to Creative Commons licensed images and ensure proper attribution of all the images used. The student contributors, Kevin Alford, Andrea Compo-Valez, and Victoria Dorch, now alumni, reviewed and edited the resource, and are listed as co-authors of this manual.

Ultimately, open manuals reduce the cost to students while customizing the information and visuals required for class.  In addition, the digital copy of the manual allows students to access homework and exercises wherever they are and is easily obtainable on the first day of class. Open manuals are also dynamic works that can be adapted to suit the needs of other institutions or groups that wish to explore the topic but do not have a solid framework to do so. The resulting OER is being piloted in human anatomy labs in Fall 2018 and will be revised following the pilot period with input from current students and lab instructors. It is our hope that this extension of Wilk’s class will open the door to connecting our courses to broader collaborations and student input.

About the Author

In the International Museum of Surgical Science, Chicago, IL

Dr. Malgosia Wilk-Blaszczak has taught human anatomy and human physiology courses for 30 years to medical and nursing students, and currently to undergraduate students at University of Texas at Arlington.  She holds an M.D. and a Ph.D. in Neuroscience from the Warsaw Medical University. Ever since she discovered her father’s anatomical fold-out “manikin” as a child, Dr. Wilk has has been enamored by all aspects of the human body. In addition to teaching, she loves old medical illustration and never misses the chance to see them in museums when she travels.

Acknowledgments

Author’s Note

I would like to dedicate this section to all my undergraduate teaching assistants, past and present. Every semester, I pick the most gifted students from previous semesters to serve as teaching assistants. I appreciate your commitment, passion, and hard work, but most of all, the amazing times we have had together. Special thanks to Clint Hassell and Natalie Winter who have served as my teaching assistants for many semesters, and have been good friends ever since. You have always done more than what was expected, and have given so much of your time and effort to support students to really grow and surprise us.

Lead Author

Malgosia Wilk-Blaszczak, M.D., Ph.D. – Professor of Instruction, University of Texas at Arlington

Contributors

Kevin A. Alford, B.S. – University of Texas at Arlington alumnus

Andrea Campo-Velez, B.S. – University of Texas at Arlington alumna

Victoria Dorch, B.S. – University of Texas at Arlington alumna

Additional Thanks to…

Michelle Reed and Thomas Perappadan of UTA Libraries for assisting in the publication of this resource.

Jodi Wiley, B.S, UTA alumna, for creating and formatting class handouts that became the foundation for this OER.

Bradford Dimos, UTA graduate student, and Collin Funkhouser, UTA alumnus, for class-testing the previous version of this resource.

About the Cover

Kyle Pinkos, UTA Libraries’ Marketing Coordinator, designed the cover for this OER. The images used are in the public domain. Featured images, from Ontleding Des Menschelyken Lichaams by Govard Bidloo, are available from the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

Lab 1: Anatomical Language

Lab 1: Anatomical Language

Measurable Outcomes

- Understand what the standard anatomical position is.

- Correctly identify a given plane by its correct name.

- Relate different structures of the body using the directional terms provided.

- Correctly identify the anatomical regions of the body.

- Demonstrate how to properly focus histology slides and identify key structures.

- Demonstrate an adequate understand of the material in this section.

Background

A solid foundation is essential when learning any new skill. Understanding anatomical directions, articulations, planes, and regions are the foundation for learning anatomy.

The standard anatomical position of the human body is facing towards the observer, legs hip-width apart, feet facing forward, arms out slightly at either side with palms facing forward. When determining a structure’s relative position, be sure to use this frame of reference. For example, it can be easy to confuse which side is the anterior aspect of the hands, therefore, one might incorrectly assume that the thumb is medial to the little finger. Remember, the anterior aspect of the hand is the palm, therefore the thumb is furthest from the center of the body and is lateral.

The archetypal body planes are frontal, sagittal and transverse planes. The frontal plane splits the body into anterior and posterior halves. The sagittal plane splits the body into left and right halves. The transverse plane splits the body into superior and inferior (top and bottom) halves. It is important to be able to identify a given plane so that you can orient yourself when a specimen, model or diagram is depicted a certain way. This same reasoning applies to the necessity of understanding directional terms such as anterior, inferior, distal and medial. It is recommended that you read the content prior to attending lab to make the most of your time.

Vocabulary for Anatomical Language on page(s) 160-161.

Pre-Lab 1

(5 points)

Last Name: _______________________  First Name: _______________________

Instructions:

Fill in the table below with the appropriate terms. Note: For this lab only, you may use any anatomical structure of the human body to fill in the table.

For the remaining pages of the prelab, label the designated planes, regions, and directions.

(1 point)

Name of a structure

is

directional term

to

Name of the second structure

forearm

is

proximal

to

hand

head

is

superior

to

is

inferior

to

tibia

breast

is

anterior

to

is

distal

to

upper arm

brain

is

medial

to

is

lateral

to

trunk

Label the planes of the body. (1 point)

Label all nine regions of the abdomen. (1 point)

Label the anatomical directions designated by the lines and arrows. (1 point)

Label the regions of the body. (1 point)

Lab Activities

For this lab only, there will be three stations for each group to cycle through, stations one, two and three; stations four, five and six will mirror these stations for this lab only. A list of words is provided below that you are expected to identify, learn, and label on the models provided. You must use all the words provided. Using the colored tape provided, write the number that corresponds to the organ/structure and place it on your model. When complete, notify your TA so they may check your work.
Note: Do not simply label the models, it is crucial that you understand how to apply all of these terms in each system, for the rest of the semester!
For each additional station, directions will be provided for the particular activity.

Stations One and Six: Histology

This is an advanced biology class, therefore you all likely have experience with microscopes. However, use these stations to refresh your memory of proper microscope etiquette, how to focus on a slide, and identify key features. For the remainder of this class, you will be expected to identify various tissues under the microscope. Be sure to ask your TA for assistance, and remember taking a picture of the slide to study later is not helpful if you don’t take the time to study it in lab and understand which aspects are most important.

Basic instructions for use:

- Turn on the microscope. Move he stage down to its lowest setting and adjust the iris diaphragm until it allows the least amount of light in.

- Put the slide in position on the stage and be sure to start with the 5x objective to view it. While looking through the eyepiece, use the stage controls to move the specimen in line with the objective.

- Using the coarse adjustment knob, bring the stage up until you can see the specimen. Remember, it will not be in focus! If you bring the stage up too high, then switching to a higher objective, may touch the slide, scratch the lens, or even break the slide. Instead, use the fine adjustment knob to clarify the image and the iris diaphragm to allow as much light in as needed.

- Once the 5x is in focus, you can move to the next objective. Use the fine adjustment knob to focus before moving to the next objective. Do NOT touch the coarse adjustment knob.

- When you finish using the microscope, move the 5x objective to the start position and move the stage back down to its lowest position.

Sketch the slides available for today’s lab and indicate the magnitude at which you are observing/sketching. Be sure to identify, include, and label your sketch with the corresponding structures listed beneath each slide. Use the images provided to guide you through this process.

Monocyte

Compact Bone
Osteon, Lacunae, Haversian canal

Spinal Cord
Anterior median fissure, Posterior gray horns, Lateral white columns, Central canal

Kidney
Renal corpuscle

Stations Two and Five: The Basics

The terms in the following tables are important in understanding the relationship between different organs and structures of the body. Using the models and diagrams in your atlas, learn how to identify the different body planes and the appropriate use of directional terms. When trying to understand body movements, it is helpful to act them out yourself.

Label the torso models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate regions of the abdominal cavity using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all of the labels you have placed on the model. Note the locus of each organ within each region.

Body Planes

#1 frontal

#2 transverse

#3 sagittal

Directional Terms

#4 anterior

#7 inferior

#10 proximal

#13 superficial

#5 posterior

#8 lateral

#11 distal

#14 parietal

#6 superior

#9 medial

#12 deep

#15 visceral

Abdominal Regions

#16 right hypochondriac region

#19 right lumbar region

#22 right iliac region

#17 epigastric region

#20 umbilical region

#23 hypogastric region

#18 left hypochondriac region

#21 left lumbar region

#24 left iliac region

Stations Three and Four: Regions of the Body

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Anatomical Regions

#1 cephalic

#11 brachial

#21 abdominal

#31 femoral

#2 cranial

#12 cubital

#22 hepatic

#32 patellar

#3 ocular (orbital)

#13 antecubital

#23 renal

#33 popliteal

#4 auricular (otic)

#14 olecranal

#24 umbilical

#34 crural

#5 buccal

#15 antebrachial

#25 lumbar

#35 sural

#6 nasal

#16 carpal (carpus)

#26 pelvic

#36 tarsal (tarsus)

#7 oral

#17 palmar

#27 inguinal

#37 calcaneal

#8 cervical

#18 digital (phalangeal)

#28 pubic

#38 pedal

#9 acromial

#19 thoracic

#29 sacral

#39 plantar

#10 scapular

#20 mammary

#30 gluteal

Common Anatomical Features

The following terms are useful to know and understand as they will reappear throughout this course.

#40 process

#45 sulcus

#50 facet

#54 septum

#41 tuberosity

#46 gyrus

#51 fossa

#55 raphe

#42 condyle

#47 foramen

#51 fundus

#56 ampulla

#43 epicondyle

#48 foramina

#52 hilum

#44 fissure

#49 meatus

#53 isthmus

Post-Lab 1 Questions

(2 points)

Last Name: _______________________  First Name: _______________________

1. Give the name of the anatomical region to which each of the following structures belongs. (0.5 points)

a. Elbow

b. Back of the knee

c. Belly button

d. Heel

e. Back of the neck

2. Determine which body plane is described by each of the following scenarios. (0.5 points)

a. If the human body were split into left and right halves.

b. If the human body were split into anterior and posterior halves.

c. If the human body were split into superior and inferior halves

3. There are nine abdominal regions. Name the three consecutive regions that run down the center of the abdomen. (0.5 points)

4. Fill in the blanks with the correct anatomical direction. (0.5 points)

a. Phalanges (fingers) are ________________ to the carpals (wrist).

b. The tibia (medial bone of the lower leg) is ________________ to the femur (large bone of the thigh).

c. The sural region is ________________ to the crural region.

d. The left and right iliac regions are ________________ to the hypogastric region of the abdominal cavity.

e. The nose is ________________ to the ears.

f. The abdomen is ________________ to the back.

Lab 2: Bones and Bone Markings

Lab 2: Bones and Bone Markings

Measurable Outcomes

- Determine if a given bone is part of the axial or appendicular skeleton.

- Ascertain the major bones of the skull, as well as any markings or unique features, the regions of the vertebral column, parts of a typical vertebra, along with the other bones and features of the axial skeleton.

- Identify the bones of the appendicular skeleton and their unique features.

- Designate bones as either left or right when applicable. Examples include the ulna, humerus, femurs, scapulas, and clavicles.

- Understand how different bones fit together and articulate. Demonstrate this by assembling different regions of the body using the bones provided.

- Differentiate compact, spongy and dry bone histology slides. This includes identifying the unique characteristics of each.

- Demonstrate an adequate understand of the material in this section.

Background

The skeletal system is the primary structural organ system of the body. Many people think of the skeletal system as being static in that it is unchanging, however, this is not the case. Bones, like other organ systems, have specialized cells which allow them to perform a variety of essential tasks. Osteoblast are responsible for secreting the bony matrix necessary for bone formation. Osteoclast, meanwhile, are large multinucleated cells responsible for the dissolution and reabsorption of bone.  It is made mostly of collagen, which gives bone its soft framework, and calcium phosphate which adds strength and hardness to the structure. It is divided into the axial and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton consists of the skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs. Whereas the appendicular skeleton consists of the clavicle, scapula and the rest of the upper and lower limbs. Without the foundational structure of the skeletal system, there would be nothing to support the body and provide points of attachment for muscles. Bones function to protect internal organs, assist body movements, store and release calcium and phosphorous, participate in blood cell production and store fat in the yellow marrow. Bones also function to protect internal organs, assist body movements, and the storage and release of ions such as calcium and phosphorous. Furthermore, long bones contain both hemopoietic (red) and stromal (yellow) marrow which produce red blood cells and fat cells respectively.  Each of these cells have specific functions that are key to the development and repair of a bone over time. The two types of bone tissue are compact and spongy bone. Compact bone is typically found along the perimeter of bones and makes up the majority of the diaphysis of long bones. It is stronger than spongy bone and provides more stability. Compact bone is made up of circular units called osteons. Osteons are composed of rings called lamellae that spiral down into a central canal, known as the Haversian canal. This central canal is the passage for nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics. Spongy bone, on the other hand, is typically the deepest layer of a bone’s composition. It is made of trabeculae which give spongy bone its characteristic lighter weight. There are five classifications of bones based on their shape, long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones and sesamoid bones. The shape and composition of each bone allow them to function as mentioned above.

Vocabulary for Bones and Bone Markings on page(s) 161-162.

Pre-Lab 2

(5 points)

Last Name: _______________________  First Name: _______________________

Instructions:

Fill in the table with the appropriate terms. For the remaining illustrations, label the structures indicated.

(1 point)

Name of a structure

is

directional term

to

Name of the second structure

radius

is

proximal

to

ulna

femur

is

superior

to

is

inferior

to

thoracic vertebrae

patella

is

anterior

to

is

distal

to

metacarpals

tibia

is

medial

to

is

lateral

to

sternum

Label the cranial structures and bones. (0.5 points)

Label the cranial bones and special features. (0.5 points)

Label the distinctive parts of the vertebra. (0.5 points)

Label the features of the scapula. (0.5 point)

Label the features of the humerus. (0.5 points)

Label the features of the radius and ulna. (0.5 point)

Label the features of the femur. (0.5 points)

Label the features of the tibia and fibula. (0.5 points)

Lab Activities

A list of words is provided below that you are expected to identify, learn, and label on the models provided. Note that not all models will have some of the organs/structures, so be sure to find them on an alternate model. You must use all the words provided. Using the colored tape provided, write the number that corresponds to the organ/structure and place them on your model. When complete, notify your TA so they may check your work.

For each additional station, directions will be provided for the activity.

Station One: Skull

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when applicable.

Bones of Skull

#1 frontal bone

#5 ethmoid bone

#9 zygomatic bone

#13 superior nasal conchae

#2 parietal bone

#6 sphenoid bone

#10 nasal bone

#14 middle nasal conchae

#3 temporal bone

#7 palatine bone

#11 vomer

#15 inferior nasal conchae

#4 occipital bone

#8 maxilla

#12 lacrimal bone

#16 mandible

Skull Bone Markings

#18 external auditory meatus

#20 styloid process

#22 cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

#24 zygomatic process of temporal bone

#19 mastoid process

#21 external occipital protuberance

#23 olfactory foramina

#25 temporal process of zygomatic bone

Special Features of Skull

#26 foramen magnum

#28 foramen ovale

#30 coronal suture

#32 lambdoid suture

#27 jugular foramen

#29 sella turcica

#31 sagittal suture

Station Two: Axial Skeleton cont.

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when applicable.

#1 hyoid Bone

Vertebral Column

#2 vertebrae

#4 thoracic region

#6 sacrum

#8 intervertebral foramen

#3 cervical region

#5 lumbar region

#7 coccyx

#9 intervertebral disc

Parts of Typical Vertebra

#10 body

#12 lamina

#14 transverse process

#16 inferior articular process

#18 facet of inferior articular process

#11 vertebral foramen

#13 spinous process

#15 superior articular process

#17 facet of superior articular process

Unique Cervical Vertebrae and Characteristics

#19 bifid spinous process

#21 atlas

#23 dens

#20 transverse foramen

#22 axis

Thoracic Cage

#24 sternum

#26 sternal body

#28 ribs

#25 manubrium

#27 xiphoid process

#29 costal cartilage

Station Three: Limb Assembly

In this station, you will be given a bucket filled with random bones some of which you will use to assemble an arm and a leg. Note below which bucket you are working with. Your assignment is to lay out the bones of each limb in their correct positions relative to each other and determine which bones do not belong to either limb.  Additionally, you will need to determine whether each limb is a right or left limb; circle your results below. When you are finished, ask your TA to check whether you have assembled and identified your limbs correctly.

Bucket # ________

Upper limb: Left / Right

Lower limb: Left / Right

Station 4: Histology

Sketch the slides available for today’s lab and specify the magnitude at which you are observing/ sketching. Be sure to identify and label your sketch with the corresponding structures listed beneath each slide.

Compact Bone
Osteon Lamellae, Lacunae, Volkmann’s canals, Haversian canal

Spongy Bone

Station Five: Upper Limbs

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when applicable.

Clavicle

#1 acromial end of clavicle

#2 sternal end of clavicle

Scapula

#3 glenoid cavity

#5 coracoid process

#7 supraspinous fossa

#9 subscapular fossa

#4 acromion

#6 spine of scapula

#8 infraspinous fossa

Humerus

#10 head

#13 lesser tubercle

#16 coronoid fossa

#19 lateral epicondyle

#11 neck

#14 trochlea

#17 radial fossa

#20 olecranon fossa

#12 greater tubercle

#15 capitulum

#18 medial epicondyle

Ulna

#21 head

#23 trochlear notch

#25 radial notch

#22 olecranon

#24 coronoid process

# 26 styloid process

Radius

#27 head

#29 radial tuberosity

#28 neck

#30 styloid process

Hand and Wrist

#31 carpals (8)

#33 phalanges

#35 middle phalanges

#32 metacarpals

#34 proximal phalanges

#36 distal phalanges

Station Six: Lower Limbs

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when applicable.

Pelvis

#1 ilium

#3 ischium

#5 pubis

#7 acetabulum

#2 iliac crest

#4 ischial spine

#6 pubic symphysis

Femur

#8 head

#11 lesser trochanter

#14 medial condyle

#9 neck

#12 medial epicondyle

#15 lateral condyle

#10 greater trochanter

#13 lateral epicondyle

#16 intercondylar fossa

# 17 patella

Tibia

#18 lateral condyle

#19 medial condyle

#20 medial malleolus

Fibula

#21 head

#22 lateral malleolus

Foot and Ankle

#23 tarsals (7)

#25 metatarsals

#27 proximal phalanges

#29 distal phalanges

#24 calcaneus

#26 phalanges

#28 middle phalanges

Post-Lab 2 Questions

(3 points)

Last Name: _______________________  First Name: _______________________

1. Replace the common name of following bones with their corresponding anatomical names. (0.5 points)

a. Fingers

b. Hip

c. Head

d. Bones of the lower arm

e. Knee

f. Ankle

g. Bone of the thigh

h. Upper jaw

i. Lower jaw

j. Shins

k. Tailbone

l. Toes

m. Collarbone

n. Shoulder blade

2. Name five bones of the axial and appendicular skeleton. (0.5 points)

3. What makes the atlas (C1) and axis (C2) different from the rest of the vertebrae? (0.5 points)

4. What is unique about the hyoid bone? (0.5 points)

5. When a person is seated on the floor “criss-cross” style, which bones are touching the ground? (0.5 points)

6. Name a bone that is inferior (1), superior (2) and medial (3) to the radius. (0.5 points)

Lab 3: Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves

Lab 3: Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves

Measurable Outcomes

- Correctly identify the structures which constitute comprise the spinal cord and its extensions.

- Explain the differences between the meninges.

- Differentiate the spinal plexuses.

- Determine the origin, pathway and target organs of the spinal nerves.

- Classify the structures of the spinal cord on the given histology slides.

- Demonstrate an adequate understand of the material in this section.

Background

The spinal cord is made of white matter encompassed by gray matter with a central canal running through it that serves as a path for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The gray matter is divided into posterior (dorsal) grey horns which contain sensory neurons, and lateral and anterior (ventral) horns that contain the cell bodies of motor neurons. The surrounding white matter is divided into anterior (ventral) white columns, lateral white columns, and posterior (dorsal) white columns. The grey commissure is the gray matter posterior to the central canal where the neurons from either side of the spinal cord crossover. The same principle applies to the white commissure which lies anteriorly to the gray matter.

The spinal cord has several layers to protect it from damage. Beginning superficially and working our way deeper, the vertebral column encases the spinal cord and provides a hard shell for protection. Deep to the vertebrae are the meninges, consisting of the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. Extensions from the pia mater, the denticulate ligaments, suspend the spinal cord in CSF and act as a shock absorber.

The spinal cord begins at the terminal end of the brain stem and extends to approximately the L1 vertebra adults and L2 vertebrae in children; it is located within the vertebral foramen and is divided into 4 distinct regions.  The cervical segment extends from C1 to the C7 vertebrae. The thoracic segment extends from T1 to the T8 vertebrae. The lumbar segment corresponds with T9-T11 vertebrae. Finally, the sacral segment extends from T12 to L2. The cervical enlargement, C4-T1, is a bulbous structure from which many neurons of the upper extremities invaginate. Likewise, the lumbar enlargement, T9-T12, is a bulbous structure from which neurons that innervate the lower limbs originate.

Note: do not confuse the regions of the spine with the regions of the spinal cord, they are not the same.

There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves: 8 cervical pairs 12 thoracic pairs, 5 lumbar pairs, 5 sacral pairs and 1 coccygeal pair.  However, nerves from every other area along the spinal cord do not do this; they first converge in a network called a plexus. With the exception of the thoracic region, nerves of the cervical, brachial, lumbar and sacral regions of the spinal cord branch from a network of nerves known as plexuses.

Vocabulary for Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves can be found on page(s) 171-172 .

Lab Activities

A list of words is provided below that you are expected to identify, learn, and label on the models provided. Note that not all models will have some of the organs/structures, so be sure to find them on an alternate model. You must use all the words provided. Using the colored tape provided, write the number that corresponds to the organ/structure and place them on your model. When complete, notify your TA so they may check your work.

For each additional station, directions will be provided for the activity.

.

Station One: Spinal Cord

Label the models of this station with the # that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the spinal cord and its protective structures using the colored tape. When you have finished, have your TA check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all of the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate left and right halves when applicable.

#1 vertebral column

#4 dura mater

#7 subarachnoid space

#10 denticulate ligaments

#13 filum terminale

#2 spinal meninges

#5 subdural space

#8 cerebrospinal fluid

#11 spinal cord

#14 cauda equina

#3 epidural space

#6 arachnoid mater

#9 pia mater

#12 conus medullaris

Spinal Cord

#15 anterior median fissure

#19 posterior white columns

#23 anterior white commissure

#27 thoracic innervation segment

#31 lumbar enlargement

#16 posterior median sulcus

#20 anterior gray horns

#24 posterior gray commissure

#28 lumbar innervation segment

#17 anterior white columns

#21 lateral gray horns

#25 central canal

#29 sacral innervation segment

#18 lateral white columns

#22 posterior gray horns

#26 cervical innervation segment

#30 cervical enlargement

Station Two: Spinal Nerves and Cervical Plexus

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when applicable.

Spinal Nerves

#1 cervical nerve one (C1)

#9 thoracic nerve one (T1)

#17 thoracic nerve nine (T9)

#25 lumbar nerve five (L5)

#2 cervical nerve two (C2)

#10 thoracic nerve two (T2)

#18 thoracic nerve ten (T10)

#26 sacral nerve one (S1)

#3 cervical nerve three (C3)

#11 thoracic nerve three (T3)

#19 thoracic nerve eleven (T11)

#27 sacral nerve two (S2)

#4 cervical nerve four (C4)

#12 thoracic nerve four (T4)

#20 thoracic nerve twelve (T12)

#28 sacral nerve three (S3)

#5 cervical nerve five (C5)

#13 thoracic nerve five (T5)

#21 lumbar nerve one (L1)

#29 sacral nerve four (S4)

#6 cervical nerve six (C6)

#14 thoracic nerve six (T6)

#22 lumbar nerve two (L2)

#30 sacral nerve five (S5)

#7 cervical nerve seven (C7)

#15 thoracic nerve seven (T7)

#23 lumbar nerve three (L3)

#31 coccygeal nerve one (Coc1)

#8 cervical nerve eight (C8)

#16 thoracic nerve eight (T8)

#24 lumbar nerve four (L4)

Cervical plexus

Note: When labeling the nerves that exit the cervical plexus, focus on their location, the connections between the nerves of the plexus, and what they innervate. Also note any interesting characteristics you find, for example, which is the longest nerve? Make use of your textbook and atlas during this time.

#32 lesser occipital nerve

#34 transverse cervical nerve

#36 superior root of Ansa cervicalis nerve

#38 phrenic nerve

#33 great auricular nerve

#35 supraclavicular

#37 inferior root of Ansa cervicalis nerve

#39 segmental branches

Station Three: Brachial Plexus

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: When labeling the nerves that exit the brachial plexus, focus on their location, the connections between the nerves of the plexus and what they innervate. Also note any interesting characteristics you find, for example, which is the longest nerve? Make use of your textbook and atlas during this time.

#1 dorsal scapular nerve

#5 musculocutaneous nerve

#9 lower subscapular nerve

#13 medial pectoral nerve

#2 long thoracic nerve

#6 lateral pectoral nerve

#10 axillary nerve

#14 medial cutaneous nerve of arm

#3 nerve to subclavius

#7 upper subscapular nerve

#11 median nerve

#15 medial cutaneous nerve of forearm

#4 suprascapular nerve

#8 thoracodorsal nerve

#12 radial nerve

#16 ulnar nerve

Station 4: Histology

Sketch the slides available for today’s lab and specify the magnitude at which you are observing/ sketching. Be sure to identify and label your sketch with the corresponding structures listed beneath each slide.

Spinal cord
Anterior median fissure, Posterior median sulcus, Anterior white columns, Lateral white columns, Posterior white columns, Anterior gray horns, Lateral gray horns, Posterior gray horns, Anterior white horns, Posterior gray commissure, Central canal

Sympathetic ganglion

Station Five: Lumbar Plexus

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: When labeling the nerves that exit the lumbar plexus, focus on their location, the connections between the nerves of the plexus and what they innervate. Also note any interesting characteristics you find, for example, which is the longest nerve? Make use of your textbook and atlas during this time.

#1 iliohypogastric nerve

#3 genitofemoral nerve

#5 femoral nerve

#2 ilioinguinal nerve

#4 lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh

#6 obturator nerve

Station Six: Sacral Plexus

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: When labeling the nerves that exit the sacral plexus, focus on their location, the connections between the nerves of the plexus and what they innervate. Also note any interesting characteristics you find, for example, which is the longest nerve? Make use of your textbook and atlas during this time.

#1 superior gluteal nerve

#4 nerve to quadratus

#7 posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh

#10 tibial median plantar nerve

#13 deep common fibular nerve

#2 inferior gluteal nerve

#5 nerve to obturator internus and superior gemellus

#8 pudenal nerve

#11 tibial lateral plantar nerve

#3 nerve to piriformis

#6 perforating cutaneous nerve

#9 sciatic nerve

#12 superficial common fibular nerve

Post-Lab 3 Questions

(2 points)

Last Name: _______________________  First Name: _______________________

1. What is the longest nerve in the body? (0.5 points)

2. In what region(s) of the spinal cord do the nerves which innervate the lower body originate? (0.5 points)

3. The spinal cord is divided into how many segments? List the number of segments in each portion of the spinal column. (0.5 points)

4. List the spinal meninges and the relevant spaces in between, as well as what occupies those spaces. (0.5 points)

Lab 4: Brain and Cranial Nerves

Lab 4: Brain and Cranial Nerves

Measurable Outcomes

- Complete the dissection of the sheep brain and identify (with a pin) all of the structures of the brain using the corresponding vocabulary list.

- Locate structures of the brain and cranial nerves on the various models in the lab.

- Identify the 12 cranial nerves as well as their target organs.

- Determine the composition of the of the brain from dissections.

- Determine/trace the path of cerebrospinal fluid through the brain.

- Differentiate histology from different regions of the brain.

- Demonstrate an adequate understand of the material in this section.

Background

The central nervous system entails all neurons of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is the central processing organ of the body and contains 100 billion neurons and a remarkable 1 trillion glial cells. It is estimated that cortical neurons alone consume around 5 billion ATP molecules per second. Whats more, some neurons can have axons that extend several feet. Unlike the spinal cord, the gray and white matter in the brain are arranged in three segments. From deep to superficial, the innermost region is made of gray matter which is surrounded by the myelinated axons of the white matter. The thin layer of the cerebral cortex responsible for higher order cognition is the outermost layer of gray matter. The brain is divided into four major regions, the brainstem, diencephalon, cerebellum, and cerebrum. The brainstem contains the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain (which houses the pineal gland). Caudal to the forebrain is the diencephalon, a region which contains the epithalamus,  hypothalamus, thalamus and third ventricle.

There are four cavities in the brain called ventricles; here cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced and circulated by ependymal cells and the choroid plexuses. The two largest ventricles lie within each cerebral hemispheres and are known as the lateral ventricles. Cerebrospinal fluid drains from the lateral ventricles, through the interventricular foramen and into the third ventricle. The third ventricle lies between the halves of the thalamus. From here, it flows through the cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of sylvius) and into the fourth ventricle, which lies between the cerebellum and the pons. Cerebrospinal fluid drains from the fourth ventricle, into the lateral and median apertures and down through the central canal of the spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid leaks out through foramina into the subarachnoid space where it is reabsorbed by veins on the surface of the brain and spinal cord.

Like the spinal cord, the brain is protected by three meninx, the dura, arachnoid and pia mater. Unlike the spinal meninges, the cranial dura mater is subdivided into two distinct layers; the periosteal layer, which is the superficial mot layer, and the inner meningeal dura mater. The two dural layers form the superior sagittal sinus which collectively channels venous blood from the brain. The falx cerebri divides the cerebrum into left and right hemispheres, the falx cerebelli divides the cerebellum into left and right hemispheres, and the tentorium cerebelli forms a physical barrier between the cerebrum and the cerebellum.
Vocabulary for the Brain and Cranial Nerves on page(s) 162-163.

Pre-lab 4

(5 points)

Last Name: _______________________  First Name: _______________________

Instructions:

Fill in the table below with the appropriate terms. For the remaining exercises, label the designated structures.

(1 point)

Name of a structure

is

directional term

to

Name of the second structure

pons

is

anterior

to

cerebellum

corpus callosum

is

superior

to

is

inferior

to

hypothalamus

precentral gyrus

is

anterior

to

is

superficial

to

diencephalon

interthalamic adhesion

is

medial

to

is

superior

to

pons

Label the sulci, gyri, and lobes of the cerebrum. (1 point)

Label the major structures of the brain. (1 point)

Label the ventricles and passageway of CSF through the brain. (1 point)

Label the cranial nerves. (1 point)

Lab Activities

A list of words is provided below that you are expected to identify, learn, and label on the models provided. Note that not all models will have some of the organs/structures, so be sure to find them on an alternate model. You must use all the words provided. Using the colored tape provided, write the number that corresponds to the organ/structure and place them on your model. When complete, notify your TA so they may check your work.

For each additional station, directions will be provided for the activity.

Station One: Brain

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when applicable.

Cerebrum

#1 cerebral cortex

#3 temporal lobes

#5 occipital lobe

#2 frontal lobe

#4 parietal lobes

#6 insula

Diencephalon

#7 thalamus

#9 mammillary bodies

#11 pineal glands

#8 hypothalamus

#10 epithalamus

Brainstem

#12 midbrain

#14 superior colliculi

#16 cerebral peduncles

#18 medulla oblongata

#13 tectum (corpora quadrigemina)

#15 inferior colliculi

#17 pons

Cerebellum

#19 arbor vitae

#21 vermis

#20 folia

#22 cerebellar peduncles

Other important structures

#23 basal nuclei

#25 fornix

#27 pituitary gland

#29 optic chiasm

#24 corpus callosum

#26 cingulate gyrus

#28 infundibulum

Station Two: Unique Features and Pathway of CSF

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when applicable.

Composition of the Brain

#1 gray matter

#2 white matter

Superficial Characteristics of the Brain

#3 gyri (convulsions)

#5 sulci

#7 postcentral gyrus

#9 central sulcus

#11 transverse fissure

#4 fissures

#6 precentral gyrus

#8 lateral cerebral sulcus

#10 parieto-occiptal sulcus

#12 longitudinal fissure

Cranial Meninges

These features may not be shown on models, but it is important to be able to identify them in diagrams and on the brains that you will dissect.

#13 dura mater

#15 falx cerebelli

#17 arachnoid mater

#14 falx cerebri

#16 tentorium cerebelli

#18 pia mater

Ventricles and Associated Structures

Using the terms in the table below, determine the pathway of cerebrospinal fluid.

#19 lateral ventricles

#21 interventricular foramen

#23 cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of midbrain)

#25 choroid plexuses

#20 septum pellucidum

#22 third ventricles

#24 fourth ventricles

#26 cerebrospinal fluid

Station Three: Cranial Nerves

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

While learning the names, corresponding numbers and location of each of the cranial nerves, be sure to connect these to their functions and the structures they innervate.

#1 olfactory nerve (I)

#4 trochlear nerve (IV)

#7 facial nerve (VII)

#10 vagus nerve (X)

#2 optic nerve (II)

#5 trigeminal nerve (V)

#8 vestibulocochlear/ acoustic nerve (VIII)

#11 Accessory/spinal nerve (XI)

#3 oculomotor nerve (III)

#6 abducens nerve (VI)

#9 glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

#12 hypoglossal nerve (XII)

Station 4: Histology

Sketch the slides available for today’s lab and specify the magnitude at which you are observing/ sketching. Be sure to identify and label your sketch with the corresponding structures listed beneath each slide.

Cerebrum

Cerebellum

Station Five: Brain Dissection without Meninges

- Orientate the brain such that the posterior aspect containing the brain stem is facing you. Obtain the scalpel from your kit and place it on the anterior (farthest from you) portion of the longitudinal fissure. Using a scalpel, firmly press down on the brain while simultaneously bringing the scalpel carefully towards you; this makes a clean incision down the sagittal plane of the brain. (DO NOT make sawing motions with the scalpel.) Continue to make incisions until you have separated the brain into its two hemispheres.

- Obtain pins from the table and place them into as many structures as you can identify. Your lab TA will come around and ask you to identify the pins you have placed.

*If you are the last table to use this station, be sure to clean off the dissection kits in the lab sink.

Station Six: Brain Dissection with Meninges

- The brain you will receive at this station will have the tough, fibrous meninges still surrounding it. Pinch this tissue between your fingers to separate it from the brain. Using the scissors in your dissection kit, carefully make an incision in the tissue until you have created a hole from which to cut. Cut the meninx, make sure that it comes away from the brain without pulling on the brain’s outer cortex.

- Once the outermost meninx has been removed orientate the brain such that the posterior aspect containing the brain stem is facing you. Obtain the scalpel from your kit and place it on the anterior (farthest from you) portion of the longitudinal fissure of the brain. Using the scalpel, firmly press down on the brain while simultaneously bringing the scalpel carefully towards you; this makes a clean incision down the sagittal plane of the brain. (DO NOT make sawing motions with the scalpel.) Continue to make incisions until you have separated the brain into its two main hemispheres.

- Obtain pins from the table and place them on as many structures as you can identify. Your lab TA will come around and ask you to identify the pins you have placed.

*If you are the last table to use this station, be sure to clean off the dissection kits in the lab sink.

Post-Lab 4 Questions

(3 points)

Last Name: _______________________  First Name: _______________________

1. Which of the following structures are not part of the brainstem? (Circle the appropriate response(s)) (0.5 points)

- Cerebral hemisphere

- Cerebellum

- Pons

- Medulla oblongata

- Midbrain

- Diencephalon

2. What are the three primary parts of the diencephalon? (0.5 points)

3. Identify the meningeal (or associated) structures described below: (1 point)

1. Outermost meninx that covers the brain and is composed of tough, fibrous connective tissue

2. Location of CSF production

3. Innermost meninx that covers the brain

4. Structures instrumental in returning cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to the venous blood in the dural venous sinuses

5. A dural fold separating the cerebrum from the cerebellum

4. Provide the name and number of the cranial nerves involved in each of the following activities, sensations or disorders. (1 point)

1. ____________________  Rotating the head

2. ____________________  Smelling coffee

3. ____________________  Elevating the eyelids; pupillary constriction

4. ____________________  Slowing the heart; swallowing

5. ____________________  Involved in Bell’s palsy (facial paralysis); crying

6. ____________________  Chewing food; feeling a toothache

7. ____________________  Listening to music; seasickness

8. ____________________  Secretion of saliva; tasting well-seasoned food

9. ____________________  Involved in “rolling” the eyes (three nerves; provide numbers only)

10. ____________________  Swallowing; speaking (motor only)

11. ____________________  Seeing the PowerPoint during lecture

Lab 5: Special Senses

Lab 5: Special Senses

Measurable Outcomes

- Explain the function of each special sense.

- Identify all of the provided anatomical structures of the special senses on available models.

- Determine the pathways of vision, hearing, balance, taste, and olfaction.

- Correctly identify the histology slides and the structures that can be differentiated on each.

- Determine the structures of the dissected eye.

- Demonstrate the ability to count the taste buds of a lab partner using the experiment provided.

- Demonstrate an adequate understand of the material in this section.

Background

In anatomy, special senses are the senses that have organs specifically devoted to them such as vision, gustation, olfaction, audition, and equilibrioception. These senses have specialized organs that detect and process stimuli and send signals to the brain which lead to the perception of that stimulus. These specialized organs include the tongue, the nose, the eyes and the ears.

The tongue is a crucial organ in mechanical digestion and taste. Taste buds contain taste receptor cells which are the smallest functional unit in gustation. Taste buds can be found throughout the length of the upper digestive tract. On the surface of the tongue are protrusions called papillae. Circumvallate papillae are arranged in a v shape pattern on toward the base of the tongue, on the dorsal aspect, and contain more than 100 taste buds each. The fungiform papillae are found all over the dorsal aspect of the tongue and contain only about 5 taste buds each. The foliate papillae are found on the lateral aspects of the tongue and only contain taste buds during childhood. Finally, there are the filiform papillae which, like the fungiform papillae, are found all over the tongue, however, they do not contain taste buds.  Instead, their barbed shape provides the friction for moving food around during mastication.

The olfactory epithelium is easily discernable on most models. Unlike any of the following special senses, neurons from the olfactory bulb bypass the thalamus and synapse directly with the olfactory cortex.

The ear is a complex organ which houses special structures that allow us to hear, balance and orientate ourselves. Sound waves are collected by the auricle and funneled into the external acoustic meatus. The ear is divided into three sections, the outer, middle, and inner ear. The outer ear consists of the auricle which extends through the external auditory canal and terminates at the tympanic membrane. The main structures of the middle ear are the auditory ossicles, Eustachian tube, oval window and round window. The auditory ossicles inward from the tympanic membrane, are the malleus, incus, and stapes. The base of the stapes covers the oval window which allows sound waves to pass from the tympanic membrane, into the cochlea of the inner ear. The inner ear is the innermost region of the ear where the cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals are.   The cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals are responsible for hearing, static and dynamic equilibrium respectively. The vestibulocochlear nerve branches,  into the cochlear branch, which innervates the cochlea, and the vestibular branch which innervates the vestibule and semicircular canals.

The eye is the specialized organ of sight which has three principal layers, the fibrous tunic, the vascular tunic and the neural tunic. Furthermore, there are two main chambers, the anterior chamber, containing aqueous humor and the posterior chamber, that contains vitreous humor.  In the neural tunic of the retina, light propagates from the ganglionic cells through the bipolar cells to the rods and cons, which, somewhat paradoxically hyperpolarize opposite the direction of light.

The lacrimal apparatus frames the eye and coats the sclera and cornea in lacrimal fluid, a bacteriacide, which lubricates and protects them. The lacrimal apparatus is made of the lacrimal gland, lacrimal canaliculi, lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct. This network of structures allows tears produced by the lacrimal gland to cover the eye, drain through the lacrimal puncta into the lacrimal canaliculi, collect in the lacrimal sac, travel down the nasolacrimal duct and finally empty into the nose. This is why crying leads to a runny nose.

Vocabulary for Special Senses can be found on page(s) 169-171 .

Pre-lab 5

(5 points)

Last Name: _______________________  First Name: _______________________

Instructions:

Fill in the table below with the appropriate terms. For the remaining exercises, label the structures accordingly.

(1 point)

Name of a structure

is

directional term

to

Name of the second structure

retina

is

posterior

to

lens

middle nasal conchae

is

superior

to

is

inferior

to

cribriform plate

cornea

is

anterior

to

is

distal

to

tympanic membrane

medial rectus

is

medial

to

is

lateral

to

tongue

Label the structures of the olfactory epithelium and olfactory pathway. (1 point)

Label the types of papillae and parts of the taste buds. (1 point)

Label the regions and structures of the ear. (1 point)

Label the muscles of the eye. (0.5 points)

Label the structures and regions of the eye. (0.5 points)

Lab Activities

A list of words is provided below that you are expected to identify, learn, and label on the models provided. Note that not all models will have some of the organs/structures, so be sure to find them on an alternate model. You must use all the words provided. Using the colored tape provided, write the number that corresponds to the organ/structure and place them on your model. When complete, notify your TA so they may check your work.

For each additional station, directions will be provided for the activity.

Station One: Are You a Super Taster?

- For this exercise, it is recommended that you use dark food coloring for maximum effect

- Using the spoon, use a small amount of the food coloring or powder on the tongue. Do NOT use a full spoon or pour a mound on the subject’s tongue!

- Paper squares will be provided which have a 1cm in diameter hole in them. Have the volunteer place the paper on their tongue and make sure that the hole aligns with the area highlighted by the food coloring.

- Use a camera phone (or other devices), to take a closeup still photo of the circle.

- The papilla will contrast against the color of the food coloring. Count the number of the papilla in the circle and record it below.

- If there are between 0 and 5 papilla, then the subject is a “hypo-taster”. A hypo-taster is more tolerant of bitter tastes. If there are between 5 and 15 papillae, then the subject has average tasting capabilities. If there are more than 15 papillae found in this 1cm area, then the subject is a “hyper-taster”. A hyper-taster is more sensitive to bitter tastes. Determine whether the subject is a hypo-taster, average taster or hyper-taster and record it below next to “Tasting abilities”.

- Repeat with another group member.

Note: if your lab does not permit the use of food items in the lab, leave the room before conducting this experiment.

Subject #1: ____________________________

Number of taste buds: ___________________

Tasting abilities: ________________________

Subject #2: ____________________________

Number of taste buds: ___________________

Tasting abilities: ________________________

Station Two: Taste and Smell

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when applicable.

Tongue and Associated Structures

#1 lingual tonsils

#4 fungiform papillae

#7 circumvallate papillae

#2 palatine tonsils

#5 filiform papillae

#8 taste bud

#3 lingual papillae

#6 foliate papillae

#9 taste pore

Taste Pathway

#10 facial nerve (CN VII)

#12 vagus nerve (CN X)

#14 primary gustatory area

#11 glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

#13 thalamus

Nose

#15 superior nasal conchae

#19 middle nasal meatus

#23 cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

#16 middle nasal conchae

#20 inferior nasal meatus

#24 olfactory foramina

#17 inferior nasal conchae

#21 olfactory epithelium

#18 superior nasal meatus

#22 olfactory glands

Olfactory Pathway

#25 olfactory epithelium

#27 olfactory nerve (CN I)

#29 olfactory tract

#26 olfactory receptors

#28 olfactory bulb

#30 primary olfactory area of the cerebral cortex

Station Three: Hearing

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when applicable.

Outer Ear

#1 auricle (pinna)

#3 lobule

#5 external auditory canal

#7 tympanic membrane

#2 helix

#4 external auditory meatus

#6 ceruminous glands

Middle Ear

#8 auditory ossicles

#10 incus

#12 Eustachian tube

#14 round window

#9 malleus

#11 stapes

#13 oval window

Inner Ear

#15 bony labyrinth

#18 cochlea

#21 utricle

#16 semicircular canals

#19 membranous labyrinth

#22 saccule

#17 vestibule

#20 semicircular canals

#23 organ of corti

Auditory Pathway

#24 vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

#25 primary auditory area of the cerebral cortex

Station Four: Histology

Sketch the slides available for today’s lab and specify the magnitude at which you are observing/ sketching. Be sure to identify and label your sketch with the corresponding structures listed beneath each slide.

Retina
Pigmented layer, Neural layer

Tongue
Fungiform papillae, Filiform papillae

Station Five: Eye Dissection

- First, determine the external surface features and structures of the cow eye. You should be able to identify: the sclera, or the white of the eye, the cornea, which is the semi-transparent layer covering the front part of the eye, and the optic nerve which protrudes from the posterior portion of the eye. There may be periorbital fat or external muscles still attached to the eye.

- Use dissecting scissors to cut away any fat or muscle attached to the eye.

- Using a scalpel, cut through the sclera along the frontal plane. When you remove the top of the eye, the part containing the cornea, what will remain is the lens sitting on top of a jelly-like mass known as the vitreous humor, it maintains the shape of the eye.

- Remove the lens and note how its composition is hard and similar to that of a marble. Next, remove the vitreous humor and take note of the shiny, blue layer along the inside of the back half of the eye, this is the retina.

- Moving back to the front half of the eye, depending on your initial halving of the eye, you can remove the iris from the cornea. Now lay out the contents of the cow eye from the most anterior through to the posterior portion of the eye and examine the structures.

*If you are the last table to use this station, be sure to clean off the dissection kits in the lab sink.

Station Six: Vision

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Fibrous Tunic

#1 sclera

#2 cornea

Vascular Tunic

#3 iris

#5 lens

#7 ciliary body

#4 pupil

#6 choroid

Neural Tunic

#8 retina

#12 pigmented layer

#16 bipolar cells

#9 optic disc

#13 neural layer

#17 horizontal cells

#10 macula lutea

#14 rods

#18 ganglion cells

#11 fovea centralis

#15 cones

Visual Pathway

#20 optic nerve

#22 optic tract

#21 optic chiasm

#23 primary visual area of the cerebral cortex

Eye Interior

#24 anterior chamber

#26 posterior chamber

#25 aqueous humor

#27 vitreous humor (body)

Muscles of the Eye

#28 levator palpebrae superioris

#30 inferior rectus

#32 medial rectus

#34 inferior oblique

#29 superior rectus

#31 lateral rectus

#33 superior oblique

Lacrimal Apparatus

#35 lacrimal gland

#36 superior lacrimal canaliculi

#38 lacrimal sac

#36 lacrimal puncta

#37 inferior lacrimal canaliculi

#39 nasolacrimal duct

Conjunctiva

#40 palpebral conjunctiva

#41 bulbar conjunctiva

Post-Lab 5 Questions

(3 point)

Last Name: _______________________  First Name: _______________________

1. List the structures in each layer of the eye. (0.5 points)

- Fibrous tunic:

- Vascular tunic:

- Neural tunic:

2. What is the olfactory pathway, starting from odorant to the primary olfactory area? How does this pathway differ from other sensory pathways? (0.5 points)

3. Match the following structures with their corresponding descriptions. (1 point)

Name of Structure

Descriptions

No. of Structure

1. Optic disc

an area where odorants bind to receptors to produce a sensation that will be perceived as smell

2. Round window

contains approximately 100 taste buds

3. Fungiform papillae

location of no visual activity, known as the “blind spot”

4. Vitreous humor

contains the organs that sense dynamic equilibrium

5. Olfactory epithelium

contains the organs that sense static equilibrium

6. Filiform papillae

jelly-like mass that provides stability and structure to the eye

7. Semicircular canals

provide friction, contains no taste buds

8. Retina

contains approximately 5 taste buds

9. Auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes)

the smallest bones in the body; transmits vibrations that are key to hearing

10. Circumvallate papillae

possess the following layers to allow for the transmission of stimuli to the optic nerve; pigmented layer, photoreceptor layer, outer synaptic layer, bipolar cell layer, inner synaptic layer, ganglion layer

11. Vestibule

membrane between the inner and middle ear to allow for pressure changes to equilibrate

4. Describe the path of sound traveling through the ear to CN (VIII). (list structures)(0.5 points)

5. Describe the function of the following muscles. Do they assist in intorsion, extortion, abduction, adduction, elevation and/or depression of the eye? (0.5 points)

1. Superior Rectus-

2. Inferior Rectus-

3. Medial Rectus-

4. Lateral Rectus-

5. Superior Oblique-

6. Inferior Oblique-

Lab 6: Respiratory System

Lab 6: Respiratory System

Measurable Outcomes

- Understand and identify the anatomical structures of the respiratory system on available models.

- Deduce the pathway of air through the respiratory system.

- Determine the pathway of pulmonary circulation.

- Identify the various muscles involved in respiration.

- Recognize the hallmarks of lung histology.

- Demonstrate an adequate understand of the material in this section.

Background

The respiratory system is responsible for the gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The main specialized organs of this process are the lungs which house clusters of sac-like structures known as alveoli. There are from 480 to 790 million alveoli which increase the efficiency of gas exchange by increasing surface area to around 118m^2 in men and 91m^2 in women. The respiratory system consists of the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli, along with their accessory structures. These structures are divided into the upper and lower respiratory systems, with the lower portion beginning at the larynx. The primary function of this system is to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment. Functionally, the respiratory system can be divided into the conducting zone, terminating at the terminal bronchioles; then air flows into the respiratory zone, where the actual gas exchange occurs.

Though we view each system individually in this lab, it is important to keep in mind that all organ systems overlap and work together in such a way that scientist are constantly discovering new connections. One such example is the nose. Not only is it the primary entrance and exit for respiration, but it also contains the olfactory epithelium, the primary structure of one of the special senses, olfaction. Likewise, the pharynx is a structure shared by both the respiratory and digestion systems.

Although both lungs functionally participate in respiration, they differ physically in various ways. The right lung is shorter and wider than the left lung, and the left lung occupies a smaller volume than the right. Another distinction between the two lungs is that the left lung contains the cardiac notch, which makes space for the heart. Furthermore, whereas the right lung has three lobes, the left lung has only two.

Though not visible on every model, each lung is surrounded by the pleura, which consists of two layers called the visceral and parietal pleurae. They are important because they lubricate the lungs and reduce friction during inhalation and exhalation.

Vocabulary for Respiratory System can be found on page(s) 169 .

Lab Activities

A list of words is provided below that you are expected to learn and label on the models provided. Note that not all models will have some of the organs/structures, so be sure to find them on an alternate model. You must use all the words provided. Using the colored tape provided, write the number that corresponds to the organ/structure and place it on your model. When complete, notify your TA so they may check your work.

For each additional station, directions will be provided for the activity.

Station One: Upper Respiratory

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

#1 nose

#6 septal nasal cartilage

#12 nasal conchae*

#16 laryngopharynx

#21 soft palate

#2 root

#7 major alar cartilages

#12 nasal meatuses*

#17 lingual tonsils

#22 uvula

#3 bridge

#8 minor cartilages

#13 pharynx

#18 palatine tonsils

#4 apex

#9 external naris

#14 nasopharynx

#19 pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)

#5 lateral nasal cartilages

#10 nasal cavity

#15 oropharynx

#20 hard palate

*There are Superior, Middle, and Inferior parts to these structures.

Station Two: Lower Respiratory

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

#1 larynx

#8 corniculate cartilages

#15 esophagus

#22 alveolar sacs

#29 middle lobe

#2 epiglottis

#9 cuneiform cartilage

#16 carina

#23 alveoli

#30 cardiac notch

#3 vestibular folds

#10 cricothyroid ligament

#17 primary (main) bronchi

#24 L/R lungs

#31 horizontal fissure

#4 vocal folds

#11 cricoid cartilage

#18 secondary (lobar) bronchi

#25 apex of lung

#32 oblique fissure

#5 thyrohyoid membrane

#12 cricotracheal ligament

#19 tertiary (segmental) bronchi

#26 base of lung

#33 hilum

#6 thyroid cartilage

#13 tracheal cartilages

#20 respiratory bronchioles

#27 superior lobe

#7 arytenoid cartilages

#14 trachea

#21 alveolar ducts

#28 inferior lobe

Station Three: Muscles of Respiration

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Muscles of Inspiration

#1 diaphragm

#2 external intercostals

#3 scalenes

#4 sternocleidomastoid

*Make note of which muscles are the primary muscles of inhalation, and which are the accessory muscles.

Muscles of Exhalation

#5 internal intercostals

#6 external oblique

#7 internal oblique

#8 transverse abdominis

#9 rectus abdominis

Station Four: Histology

Sketch the slides available for today’s lab and specify the magnitude at which you are observing/ sketching. Be sure to identify and label your sketch with the corresponding structures listed beneath each slide.

Lung
Terminal bronchioles, Respiratory bronchioles, Alveolar ducts, Alveolar sacs, Alveoli

Station Five: Lung Dissection

- First, identify the trachea and observe if it is flexible or stiff, does it collapse in on itself? Note the ringed structures along the trachea that support it and allow it to stay open. Identify any other structures along the outside of the lungs and trachea such as the pleural membrane or larynx if still attached.

- Lay the lungs where they both lay flat on the table. Using the dissecting scissors make a cut along the frontal plane beginning at the top of the trachea and working your way down to the branching of the primary bronchi.

- Cut along one of the bronchi, along the corresponding lung until you make a complete frontal plane cut.

- Use the pins provided and label as many structures as you can identify. Your TA will come around and ask you to identify the pins you have placed.

- Before leaving the station, remove all the pins you have placed.

*If you are the last table to use this station, be sure to clean off the dissection kits in the lab’s sink.

Station Six: Flow of Oxygen and Pulmonary Circulation

As a group, determine the path that oxygen travels starting from the nostrils to the alveoli. Be sure to identify where along that path each of the structures on the vocabulary list is located.

As a group, determine the route of pulmonary circulation. Be mindful of the fact that several structures are directly connected to the heart. Label the models/posters of this station with the # that corresponds to the appropriate vessels involved in pulmonary circulation using the colored tape. When you have finished, have your TA check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all of the labels you have placed on the models/posters.

#1 pulmonary trunk

#2 pulmonary arteries

#3 pulmonary capillaries

#4 pulmonary veins

Post-Lab 6 Questions

(2 points)

Last Name: _______________________ First Name: _______________________

1) Write a C if the listed structure is part of the conducting zone and an R if it is part of the respiratory zone. Also, label whether the structure is part of the upper respiratory (U) or lower respiratory system (L). (0.5 point)

Example: Larynx        C      ,        L

Alveoli ________________

Trachea ________________

Nasal cavity ________________

Bronchi ________________

Respiratory bronchioles ________________

Pharynx ________________

Alveolar ducts ________________

Terminal bronchioles ________________

2) Write the route that oxygen takes from when you inhale to the point of gas exchange with carbon dioxide. (0.5 point)

3) Give two unique characteristics of the pulmonary artery and vein. (0.5 point)

4) Describe the route of pulmonary circulation. (0.5 point)

Lab 7: The Cardiovascular system

Lab 7: The Cardiovascular system

Measurable Outcomes

- Visually identify major components, vessels, and structures of a dissected heart.

- Determine the anatomical structures of the heart on available models.

- Determine the pathway of blood flow through the heart.

- List and accurately classify the distinct types of blood cells from histological slides.

- Recognize the features of cardiac tissue under a microscope.

- Identify the major blood vessels required for this lab.

- Distinguish between arterial and venous flow.

Background

The cardiovascular system is responsible for the circulation of blood and transport of nutrients.  Large multicellular organisms developed such a system as a means of actively transporting nutrients to the cells of the body. The heart is the organ of focus in this lab. It is divided into four distinct chambers, which in concert work to circulate blood. When the heart beats, it pumps blood into two different circuits: pulmonary and systemic. Pulmonary circulation carries blood from the right side of the heart to the alveoli of the lungs and back to the left side of the heart, while the systemic circulation carries blood from the left side of the heart to all the organs and tissues of the body, then back to the right side of the heart. If it were possible to stretch out all of the blood vessels in the body, they would measure 60,000 to 100,000 miles, enough circle the earth roughly four times. The heart is an incredible organ capable, on average, of circulating roughly 2,000 gallons worth of blood each day. Furthermore, the heart is one of the few organs capable of operating entirely apart from the central nervous system which makes it one of the hardest working organs.

Blood is classified as liquid connective tissue and is vital in its roles of transportation, regulation, and protection. It is made of distinct types of cells, mostly derived from bone marrow, and helps maintain homeostasis. Plasma and cellular elements are the two main components of blood, where plasma makes up 55% of blood and cellular elements make up 45%. Plasma is mostly water but contains proteins and other solutes as well. The vast majority of cell elements are erythrocytes with less than 1% comprising of leukocytes and platelets.

In this lab we will focus on the major blood vessels of the cardiovascular system. Arteries are blood vessels that always carry blood away from the heart; the blood they carry is oxygenated (exception: pulmonary arteries). They generally have thicker walls than veins, the other major blood vessels in the cardiovascular system. Veins carry blood toward the heart and carry deoxygenated blood (exception: pulmonary veins). Both vessel types are formed by the tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia.

Vocabulary for the Cardiovascular System can be found on page(s) 163-165 .

Pre-lab 7

(5 points)

Last Name: _______________________ First Name: _______________________

Instructions:

Fill in the table below with the appropriate terms. For the remaining exercises, label the structures accordingly.

(1 point)

Name of a structure

is

directional term

to

Name of the second structure

pulmonary vein

is

proximal

to

right ventricle

auricle

is

superior

to

is

inferior

to

heart’s base

anterior interventricular sulcus

is

anterior

to

is

distal

to

ascending aorta

heart

is

medial

to

is

lateral

to

left ventricle

Label the prominent coronary surface vessels. (0.5 points)

Label the prominent coronary surface vessels. (0.5 points)

Label the internal formations of the heart. (1 point)

Label the surface features of the anterior aspect of the heart. (0.5 points)

Label the surface features on the posterior aspect of the heart. (0.5 points)

Label the major systemic arteries of the body. (0.5 points)

Label the major systemic veins of the body. (0.5 points)

Lab Activities

A list of words is provided below that you are expected to identify, learn, and label on the models provided. Note that not all models will have some of the organs/structures, so be sure to find them on an alternate model. You must use all the words provided. Using the colored tape provided, write the number that corresponds to the organ/structure and place them on your model. When complete, notify your TA so they may check your work.

For each additional station, directions will be provided for the activity.

Station One: Heart

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when applicable.

Orientation

#1 apex

#2 base

Layers

#3 pericardium

#4 epicardium

#5 endocardium

#6 myocardium

Surface Features

#7 superior vena cava

#10 left pulmonary artery

#13 ascending aorta

#16 posterior interventricular sulcus

#8 right pulmonary artery

#11 coronary sulcus

#14 descending aorta

#17 epicardial fat

#9 inferior vena cava

#12 arch of aorta

#15 anterior interventricular sulcus

#18 auricles

Internal Structures

#19 papillary muscles

#23 tricuspid valve

#27 right atrium

#31 left ventricle

#20 pectinate muscles

#24 bicuspid valve

#28 left atrium

#32 interventricular septum

#21 chordae tendineae

#25 pulmonary valve

#29 interatrial septum

#33 right bundle branches

#22 trabeculae carneae

#26 aortic valve

#30 right ventricle

#34 left bundle branches

Coronary Circulation – Arteries

#35 coronary arteries

#37 posterior interventricular branch

#39 circumflex branch

#41 branch of left coronary artery

#36 marginal branches

#38 right pulmonary artery

#40 anterior interventricular branch

#42 middle cardiac

Coronary Circulation – Veins

#43 coronary sinus

#45 great cardiac

#47 left pulmonary

#44 anterior cardiac

#46 small cardiac

#48 right pulmonary

Station Two: Major Upper Body Vessels

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when applicable.

Arterial Circulation

#1 brachiocephalic trunk

#6 vertebral arteries

#11 anterior cerebral artery

#16 thoracic aorta

#2 common carotid arteries

#7 basilar artery

#12 anterior communicating artery

#17 abdominal aorta

#3 internal carotid arteries

#8 posterior cerebral artery

#13 axillary arteries

#4 external carotid arteries

#9 posterior communicating artery

#14 radial arteries

#5 subclavian arteries

#10 middle cerebral artery

#15 ulnar arteries

Venous Circulation

#18 brachiocephalic veins

#22 axillary veins

#26 medial cubital veins

#30 azygos vein

#19 internal jugular veins

#23 brachial veins

#27 radial veins

#31 hemiazygos vein

#20 subclavian veins

#24 cephalic veins

#28 ulnar veins

#32 accessory hemiazygos vein

#21 external jugular veins

#25 basilic veins

#29 median antebrachial veins

Station Three: Major Lower Body Vessels

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when applicable.

Arterial Circulation

#1 suprarenal arteries

#6 celiac trunk

#11 external iliac arteries

#16 anterior tibial arteries

#2 renal arteries

#7 common hepatic artery

#12 internal iliac arteries

#17 posterior tibial arteries

#3 gonadal arteries

#8 splenic artery

#13 femoral arteries

#18 fibular arteries

#4 inferior mesenteric artery

#9 lumbar arteries

#14 deep femoral arteries

#5 superior mesenteric artery

#10 common iliac arteries

#15 popliteal arteries

Venous Circulation

#19 ascending lumbar veins

#24 hepatic portal veins

#30 common iliac veins

#35 popliteal veins

#20 gonadal veins

#25 inferior mesenteric vein

#31 internal iliac veins

#36 small saphenous veins

#21 renal veins

#26 splenic vein

#32 external iliac veins

#37 anterior tibial veins

#22 suprarenal veins

#27 superior mesenteric vein

#33 femoral veins

#38 fibular veins

#23 hepatic veins

#28 inferior phrenic vein

#34 great saphenous veins

Station Four: Histology &  Differential Blood Count

Sketch the slides available for today’s lab and specify the magnitude at which you are observing/ sketching. Be sure to identify and label your sketch with the corresponding structures listed beneath each slide.

Blood Vessels

Vein

Artery

Blood Components

Leukocyte

Thrombocyte

Erythrocyte

Leukocytes

Basophil

Eosinophil

Neutrophil

Lymphocyte

Monocyte

Cardiac

Cardiac muscle

Differential Blood count

- Place the blood smear slide under the microscope and focus it to 70x magnification.

- Once you have isolated a portion of the smear, count the number of each type of blood cell. Record the numbers below

Note: Platlets may not be visible at this magnification

- RBC: _________Neutrophils: _________

- Basophils: _________Eosinophils: _________

- Monocytes: _________Lymphocytes: _________

Station Five: Heart Dissection

- Observe and identify all the surface anatomy of the heart.

- Orientate the heart so that the ventral side is facing you. The base of the heart should be positioned right side up for dissection.

- Using your fingers or a probe, find the following at the base of the heart: pulmonary vein, aorta, vena cava, and pulmonary trunk.

- Using the superior vena cava and pulmonary vein as guides, make a coronal incision using the scapula.

- Observe and place pins on the following structures: R/L ventricles, R/L atriums, interventricular septum, the valves, tissue layers (cardiac muscle, papillary muscles). Your TA will come around and ask your goup to identify the pins you have placed.

- Before leaving the station, remove all the pins you have placed.

*If you are the last table to use this station, be sure to clean off the dissection kits in the lab’s sink.

Station Six: Flow of Blood and Blood Typing

As a group, determine the flow of blood through the various structures and vessels of the heart. Be sure to identify where along that path each of the structures on the vocabulary list is located. Use the rest of this page to draw out the pathway.

As a group, determine the different blood type in this station. Follow the procedure below in order to do so.

- Obtain a blood-sampling tray and place two drops of the synthetic blood into the wells.

- Place two drops of the Anti-a “antibody” into the well labeled a. Using a toothpick, mix well and allow to sit undisturbed for one minute. Note any clotting that may occur.

- Place two drops of the Anti-B “antibody” into the well labeled B. Using a toothpick, mix well and allow to sit undisturbed for one minute. Note any clotting that may occur.

- Place two drops of the Anti-Rh “antibody” into the corresponding well. With a toothpick, mix well and allow to sit undisturbed for one minute. Note any clotting that may occur.

- Using your knowledge of the interaction between blood antigens and their corresponding antibodies, determine the blood type. Remember that if an antibody finds its targeted antigens, it causes blood coagulation. If no coagulation occurs, this means that the blood does not contain any of the antigens.

Post-Lab 7 Questions

(3 points)

Last Name: _______________________  First Name: _______________________

1. List the function of each cardiac layer and number the order from most to least superficial. (0.5 point)

- Pericardium:

- Myocardium:

- Endocardium:

- Epicardium:

2. Explain why the left ventricle’s walls are thicker than the right ventricle’s. (0.5 point)

3. A child is stung by a bee and experiences an anaphylactic reaction. Upon observing the pathology, you notice a large increase in the number of very large granulocytic white blood cells whose granules obscure the nucleus. What type of cell did you observe? (0.5 point)

4. Correctly match the term with the correct order of blood flow through the heart. (0.5 point)

Venous blood enters the ______ from the ________ and ________ as well as the coronary sinus, which converge into the the ________. From there blood passes the _______ valves and enters the _______. The venous blood passes through the _______ and from there branches off into the _______ and ______ before circulating through the _____. After being oxygenatated, the blood re-enters the heart through the ________ which converge into the _______. Then the blood flows through the _______ into the ________. From here, blood is ejected through the ________ into the ______ before entering the _______ and finally systemic circulation.

1. Superior vena cava

2. Inferior vena cava

3. Right atrium

4. Left atrium

5. Lungs

6. Pulmonary veins

7. Left pulmonary artery

8. Right pulmonary artery

9. Right atrioventricular valve

10. Mitral valves

11. Ascending aorta

12. Arch of aorta

13. Aortic semilunar valve

14. Pulmonary semilunar valve

15. Left ventricle

16. Right ventricle

17. Heart

5. What is the anatomical significance of the pericardium and epicardial fat? The visceral layer of the pericardium is also known as the _________________? (0.5 point)

6. An individual who cannot coagulate properly is at risk of bleeding out with any significant lesion. A reduction in what type of cell might cause this in such an individual? How does this affect the composition of their blood? (0.5 point)

Lab 8: Digestive System

Lab 8: Digestive System

Measurable Outcomes

- Label the anatomical structures of the digestive system on available models.

- Explain the pathway of food from the mouth to the anus, identifying major landmarks along the way.

- Deduce the pathway of major arteries and veins that supply the organs of the digestive system.

- Identify the histology of the digestive organs on microscope slides.

- Demonstrate an adequate understand of the material in this section.

Background

The digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract (also known as the alimentary canal), a hollow muscular tube extending from the mouth to the anus, and accessory organs, including the liver and pancreas.  Technically, until food is absorbed in the intestines it is considered to be outside of the body. To promote absorption, the intestines have villi which contain hair-like structures called microvilli. Like the alveoli of the lungs, microvilli substantially increase the surface area of the intestines to between 180 to 300 m^2 (the size of the average American home).  Major structures of the gastrointestinal tract include the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. These structures and organs form a  hollow space from mouth to anus and function to chemically and mechanically catabolize and absorb nutrients. Along the way organs such as the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas release enzymes to aid digestion and are known collectively as accessory structures.

The organs of the GI tract are made from four layers, the inner lining or mucosa, the submucosa containing blood vessels and lymphatics, the muscularis or smooth muscle layer, and the outermost layer or serosa/adventitia. Each layer plays a vital role in the digestive system ranging in their capacity to form a protective barrier from the highly acidic contents of the stomach to supplying hormones, producing muscle contractions and draining lymph. Furthermore, specialized cells such as the foveolar, chief cells of the stomach are supporting cells which produce a protective layer of mucus and gastric acid for digestion. Other supporting cells, such as the gastric parietal cells of the stomach and the ductal and acinar cells of the pancreas release zymogens, inactive forms of digestive enzymes.

The peritoneum is a large serous membrane which lines the abdominal cavity and coverers most of the digestive organs. some organs are only partially covered by the peritoneum while others are entirely uncovered. These organs are referred to as being retroperitoneal. Formed by the double folding of the peritoneum is a continuous set of tissues known as the mesentery. This organ was relatively recently reclassified as an organ after discovering its complex constitution. The mesentery houses lymphatic vessels as well as providing a conduit for the blood vessels for the small and large intestines.

Vocabulary for Digestive System can be found on page(s) 165-166 .

Pre-Lab 8

(5 points)

Last Name: _______________________  First Name: _______________________

Instructions:

Fill in the table below with the appropriate terms. For the remaining exercises, label the structures accordingly.

(1 point)

Name of a structure

is

directional term

to

Name of the second structure

gallbladder

is

posterior

to

liver

transverse colon

is

superior

to

is

inferior

to

small intestine

liver

is

anterior

to

is

distal

to

duodenum

jejunum

is

medial

to

is

lateral

to

left lobe of liver

Label all digestive organs of the GI tract. (1 point)

Label the elements of the alimentary canal. (0.5 points)

Label the different aspects of the mouth. (0.5 points)

Label the major salivary glands and ducts. (0.5 points)

Label the aspects of the stomach accordingly. (0.5 points)

Label the accessory organs, structures, and ducts of the digestive system. (0.5 points)

Label the structures and features of the large intestine. (0.5 points)

Lab Activities

A list of words is provided below that you are expected to identify, learn, and label on the models provided. Note that not all models will have some of the organs/structures, so be sure to find them on an alternate model. You must use all the words provided. Using the colored tape provided, write the number that corresponds to the organ/structure and place them on your model. When complete, notify your TA so they may check your work.

For each additional station, directions will be provided for the activity.

Station One: Mouth

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when applicable.

Mouth

#1 labial frenulum

#3 hard palate

#5 uvula

#2 fauces

#4 soft palate

Tongue

#6 tongue

#9 fungiform papillae

#11 circumvallate papillae

#13 taste pore

#7 lingual frenulum

#10 filiform papillae

#12 taste bud

#14 base

#8 apex

Teeth

#15 incisor

#18 molar

#21 root

#24 pulp cavity

#27 cementum

#16 canine

#19 crown

#22 enamel

#25 pulp

#28 periodontal ligament

#17 premolar

#20 neck

#23 dentin

#26 apical foramen

#29 gingiva

Salivary Glands

#30 submandibular

#31 parotid

#32 sublingual

Station Two: Esophagus and Stomach

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Esophagus

#1 upper esophageal sphincter

#2 lower esophageal sphincter

Stomach

#3 gastric pits

#6 cardia

#9 pylorus

#12 circular muscle layer

#4 gastric glands

#7 gastric body

#10 pyloric sphincter

#13 oblique muscle layer

#5 fundus

#8 rugae

#11 longitudinal muscle layer

Station Three: Liver, Gallbladder and Pancreas

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when applicable.

Liver

#1 right lobe of liver

#3 right hepatic duct

#5 common hepatic duct

#7 hepatic canaliculi

#2 left lobe of liver

#4 left hepatic duct

#6 hepatic lobule

#8 falciform ligament

Gallbladder

#9 fundus of gallbladder

#11 neck of gallbladder

#13 common bile duct

#10 body of gallbladder

#12 cystic duct

Pancreas

#14 acinar cells

#16 islets of Langerahans

#18 pancreatic head

#20 uncinate process

#22 pancreatic duct

#15 endocrine cells

#17 pancreatic tail

#19 pancreatic body

#21 accessory duct

Station Four: Histology

Sketch the slides available for today’s lab and specify the magnitude at which you are observing/ sketching. Be sure to identify and label your sketch with the corresponding structures listed beneath each slide.

Tooth
Enamel, Dentin, Pulp

Parotid Gland

Tongue
Fungiform papillae, Filiform papillae, Circumvallate papillae, Taste bud, Taste pore

Esophagus

Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis externa

Pancreas
Acinar cells, Endocrine cells, Islets of Langerhans

Liver
Hepatic lobules, Hepatic canaliculi

Duodenum
Lumen, Villi, Mucosa, Submucsa, Muscularis, Externa Serosa

Large Intestine

Lumen, Crypts of Lieberkühn, Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis externa, Serosa

Vermiform appendix

Station Five: Small and Large Intestines

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when applicable.

Small Intestine

#1 microvilli

#4 submucosa

#8 enterocytes

#11 ampulla of Vater

#14 ileum

#2 vili

#6 muscularis

#9 plicae circulares

#12 sphincter of Oddi

#15 ileocecal valve

#3 mucosa

#7 serosa

#10 duodenum

#13 jejunum

Large Intestine

#16 crypts of Lieberkühn

#20 serosa

#24 right colic flexure

#28 sigmoid colon

#32 rectum

#17 mucosa

#21 cecum

#25 transverse colon

#29 teniae coli

#33 anal canal

#18 submucosa

#22 vermiform appendix

#26 left colic flexure

#30 haustra

#34 anal sphincter

#19 muscularis

#23 ascending colon

#27 descending colon

#31 epiploic appendices

#35 anus

Miscellaneous

#36 peritoneum

#38 greater omentum

#40 mesoappendix

#37 mesentery of transverse colon

#39 lesser omentum

Station Six: Flow of Gastrointestinal Tract

As a group, determine the route boluses take through the various organs of the digestive tract. Be sure to identify the location of each structure on the vocabulary list of this lab section.

Post-Lab 8 Questions

(3 points)

Last Name: _______________________ First Name: _______________________

1. Describe the pathway food takes upon ingesting it, making sure to include all accessory structures. (0.5 point)

2. Explain the differences between the layers of the gastrointestinal tract. (0.5 points)

3. Match the terms with their corresponding descriptions. (0.5 points)

Name of Structure

Description

No. of Structure

1. Ileum

the largest salivary glands that produce approximately 25% of the saliva produced daily

2. Gallbladder

passageway for liquids, foods, AND air

3. Fauces

the modified muscularis of the large intestine

4. Parotid glands

structures on the tongue that provide friction, allowing the tongue to move food in the oral cavity during mastication efficiently

5. Filiform papillae

the terminal portion of the small intestine

6. Pulp cavity

where bile made in the liver joins the bile stored in the gallbladder

7. Pharynx

the opening between the oral cavity and the oropharynx

8. Rugae

inner part of the tooth containing nerves and blood vessels

9. Common bile duct

storage area for bile

10. Teniae coli

folds of the inner wall of the stomach

4. List each type of tooth. How do they function during mastication? (0.5)

5. List the accessory and primary structures of the GI tract. Why would accessory structures not be classified as primary organs/structures of the digestive system? (0.5 point)

6. A patient with cancerous growths in their salivary glands undergoes surgery to have them removed.  How might this affect the digestive processes? (0.5 points)

Lab 9: Urinary and Reproductive Systems

Lab 9: Urinary and Reproductive Systems

Measurable Outcomes

- Analyze reproductive and urinary organ tissues under the microscope.

- Complete the dissection of the kidney and accurately identify (with a pin) all structures of the kidney using the corresponding vocabulary list.

- Learn about the organs of the urinary system: kidney, ureter, urinary bladder and urethra, as well as the structural elements of the nephron and label on any available models.

- Compare and contrast the elements of the male and female reproductive systems and their associated accessory glands.

- Recognize homologous structures of the male and female reproductive systems.

- Demonstrate an adequate understand of the material in this section.

Background

The urinary system is one of excretion, elimination and reabsorption. It is made from four organs, only one of which produces urine (the kidney). Nephrons, the smallest functional unit of the kidneys, are found in numbers of one to two million within the kidney and can filter up to 400 gallons of cycled blood, daily. The kidneys receive more blood than the heart, liver, or even the brain and have vital functions such as the regulation of pH, blood pressure, concentration of blood solutes and concentration of red blood cells. The remaining three organs (ureters, urinarybladder, and urethra) facilitate urine storage and secretion. Of these organs, only the urethra is anatomically distinct between males and females.

The reproductive system is designed to propagate a species and therefore has two primary functions: the production of gametes (n) and sex hormones.  Male gametes are referred to as sperm cells, whereas female gametes are called ova. Reproduction is very metabolically taxing especially for the female. To illustrate, mature ovum can contain as many as 600,000 mitochondria; to reference, liver cells and cardiac muscles cells contain 2,000 and 5,000 mitochondria respectively. The role of the male reproductive system is to produce sperm and transfer them to the female reproductive tract. Although they originate from similar primordial tissues, the female and male reproductive systems differ in gonad type, ducts, accessory glands, and external genitalia. Male gonads are referred to as testes while the female gonads as ovaries; both are the sites of their respective gametogenesis. The hormones produced by the gonads are crucial to the reproductive system and sexual development, including primary and secondary sexual development, tissue regeneration, and production of gametes.

Humans are a sexually dimorphic species, which mean that there are distinguishing secondary sex characteristics. The hormones that influence male primary and secondary sexual development are called androgens. The hormones that influence female primary secondary sexual development are called estrogens. In females, this entails the development of breasts which are specialized sweat glands.  Males also have mammary tissue but their development is arrested early. Similarly, the thyroid cartilage is enlarged and commonly referred to as an Adam’s apple in males but not so in females.

A developing fetus remains anatomically undifferentiated a will either develop characteristically male or female anatomy. At some point of gestation, the fetus will develop both Wolffian and Müllerian ducts, anlagen of the male and female reproductive systems. As a result, there are several elements of the male and female reproductive systems which are homologous.  Such structures share developmental and evolutionary origins but are not necessarily similar in function. The following are the homologous structures of the male and female reproductive system: labia majora – male scrotum; labia minora – shaft of penis; clitoris – glans penis; paraurethral gland – prostate gland; greater vestibular gland – bulbourethral gland.
Vocabulary for the Urinary and Reproductive systems on page(s) 172 and 168.

Pre-lab 9

(5 points)

Last Name: _______________________ First Name: _______________________

Instructions:

Fill in the table below with the appropriate terms. For the remaining exercises, label the structures accordingly.

(1 point)

Name of a structure

is

directional term

to

Name of the second structure

scrotum

is

posterior

to

penis

kidneys

is

superior

to

is

inferior

to

urinary bladder

pubic symphysis

is

anterior

to

is

distal

to

prostate gland

uterus

is

medial

to

is

lateral

to

urethra

Label the structures and regions of the left kidney. (1 point)

Label the structures of the nephron. (0.5 points)

Label the structures of the bladder. (0.5 points)

Label the parts of the male urinary/reproductive systems. (0.5 points)

Label the structures of the male reproductive system. (0.25 points)

Label the structures of the male reproductive system. (0.25 points)

Label the parts of the female urinary/reproductive system. (0.5 points)

Label the structures of the breasts. (0.25 points)

Label the structures of the uterus. (0.25 points)

Lab Activities

A list of words is provided below that you are expected to identify, learn, and label on the models provided. Note that not all models will have some of the organs/structures, so be sure to find them on an alternate model. You must use all the words provided. Using the colored tape provided, write the number that corresponds to the organ/structure and place them on your model. When complete, notify your TA so they may check your work.

For each additional station, directions will be provided for the activity.

Station One: Urinary

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

#1 renal fascia

#11 renal pelvis

#21 external urethral orifice

#31 proximal convoluted tubule

#2 adipose capsule

#12 renal hilum

#22 cortical nephron

#32 descending loop of Henle

#3 renal capsule

#13 ureter

#23 juxtamedullary nephron

#33 ascending loop of Henle

#4 renal cortex

#14 urinary bladder

#24 juxtaglomerular apparatus

#35 distal convoluted tubule

#5 renal medulla

#15 detrusor muscle

#25 renal corpuscle

#36 collecting duct

#6 renal lobe

#16 rugae

#26 glomerulus

#37 papillary duct

#7 renal pyramid

#17 urinary trigone

#27 podocyte

#38 minor calyx

#8 renal columns

#18 internal urethral sphincter

#28 bowman’s capsule

#39 major calyx

#9 renal papilla

#19 external urethral sphincter

#29 capsular space

#10 renal sinus

#20 urethra

#30 renal tubules

Blood Vessels

#40 renal artery

#43 arcuate arteries

#46 glomerular capillaries

#49 cortical radiate veins

#52 renal vein

#41 segmental arteries

#44 cortical radiate arteries

#47 efferent arterioles

#50 arcuate veins

#42 interlobar arteries

#45 afferent arterioles

#48 peritubular capillaries

#51 interlobar veins

Station Two: Reproductive – Male

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

#1 pubic symphysis

#11 head of sperm

#21 seminal vesicles

#31 prepuce of penis

#2 dartos muscle

#12 midpiece of sperm

#22 bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands

#32 external urethral orifice

#3 cremaster muscle

#13 tail of sperm

#23 ejaculatory ducts

#33 root of penis

#4 scrotum

#14 seminiferous tubules

#24 prostatic urethra

#34 bulb of penis

#5 scrotal septum

#15 straight tubule

#25 intermediate urethra

#35 crus of penis

#6 testis

#16 rete testis

#26 spongy urethra

#36 suspensory ligament of penis

#7 lobules

#17 epididymis

#27 penis

#37 spermatic cord

#8 leydig cells

#18 ductus (vas) deferens

#28 corpus cavernosum

#38 deep muscle of perineum

#9 sertoli cells

#19 ampulla of ductus deferens

#29 corpus spongiosum

#10 sperm

#20 prostate glands

#30 glans penis

Station Three: Reproductive – Female

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

#1 pubic symphysis

#10 isthmus of uterine tube

#19 fundus of uterus

#28 vaginal orifice

#37 breast

#2 placenta

#11 broad ligament

#20 body of uterus

#29 mons pubis

#36 areola

#3 ovary

#12 round ligament

#21 isthmus

#30 vulva

#39 nipple

#4 ova

#13 uterosacral ligament

#22 cervix

#31 labia majora

#40 mammary glands

#5 ovarian ligament

#14 uterus

#23 external os

#32 labia minora

#41 lobule

#6 uterine (Fallopian) tube

#15 endometrium

#24 internal os

#33 vestibule

#42 lactiferous ducts

#7 fimbriae of uterine tube

#16 myometrium

#25 vagina

#34 clitoris

#43 lactiferous sinus

#8 infundibulum of uterine tube

#17 perimetrium

#26 fornix

#35 external urethral orifice

#44 mammary ducts

#9 ampulla of uterine tube

#18 uterine cavity

#27 rugae

#36 vestibular glands

#45 mammary alveoli

Station Four: Histology

Sketch the slides available for today’s lab and specify the magnitude at which you are observing/ sketching. Be sure to identify and label your sketch with the corresponding structures listed beneath each slide.

Urinary

Kidney

Bowman’s capsule (renal corpuscle), Glomerulus

Male Reproductive

Testis
Seminiferous tubules, Lobules

Epididymis

Human Sperm
Head, Midpiece, Tail

Female Reproductive

Mammary gland
Mammary alveoli, Lobule, Ducts

Uterus
Endometrium, Myometrium, Perimetrium

Placenta

Ovary
Mature (Graafian) follicle

Station Five: Kidney Dissection

- Upon receiving your kidney, identify the renal hilum, from which the renal artery, renal vein, and ureter protrude (it is also the indented portion of the kidney).

- Now lay the kidney on its broadest most flat portion, with the renal hilum facing opposite your dominant hand (if you are right-handed, the hilum should be facing left).

- Using the scalpel from your dissection kit, cut the kidney in half lengthwise from the side, meaning, your scalpel should begin at the anterior, medial section of the kidney and work its way down to the posterior medial section. (DO NOT make sawing motions with the scalpel.) Continue making these incisions with your scalpel until you have separated the halves of a kidney

- Obtain pins from the table and place them on as many structures as you can identify. Your lab TA will come around and ask you to identify the pins you have placed.

- Before leaving the station, remove all the pins you have placed.

*If you are the last table to use this station, be sure to clean off the dissection kits in the lab’s sink.

Station Six: Filtrate Path and Blood Flow through Kidney

As a group, determine the route of urine through the various ducts of the kidney, originating at the glomerulus and ending with the urethra. Be sure to identify where along that path each of the structures on the vocabulary list is located.

As a group, determine the course of blood through the vessels of the kidney.

Note: The following three pages are left blank for the purpose of drawing out these two pathways.

Post-Lab 9 Questions

(2 points)

Last Name: _______________________  First Name: _______________________

1. Match the structure with the corresponding description. (0.5 point)

Name of Structure

Description

No. of structure

1. ureters

Area where renal vessels and ureters converge

2. kidney

urination

3. renal capsule

nephrons located deep in the renal medullas

4. micturition

smooth muscle of the bladder

5. rugae of the mucosa

organ of urine production

6. hilum

includes Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus

7. collecting duct

folds in the bladder when empty

8. detrusor

a  structure where nephrons drain urine into

9. renal capsule

collagen membrane around the kidney

10. juxtamedullary nephrons

tubules that conduct urine from the kidney to bladder

2. Write down the path of urine from the point of origin to secretion. (0.5 point)

3. Match the structure with the corresponding description. (0.5 point)

Name of Structure

Description

No. of structure

1. Ductus- vas- deferens

produce sperm and testosterone

2. Areola

small convoluted tubules and site of spermatogenesis

3. Testes

conduct sperm to the urethra during ejaculation

4. Mammary gland

produces an ovum, estrogen, and progesterone

5. Fimbriae

a gland in mammals that produces milk

6. Corpus cavernosum and spongiosum

ducts that carry milk from the mammary glands to the nipple

7. Labia major

pigmented area around the nipple

8. Seminiferous tubules

the larger outer folds of the vulva surrounding the inner folds; contain adipose tissue and hair

9. Ovaries

erectile tissues that form the bulk of the penis

10. Lactiferous ducts

small fingerlike projections at the end of the fallopian tubes

4. What is unique about the location/position of the kidneys? (0.5 point)

Lab 10: The Muscular and Integumentary systems

Lab 10: The Muscular and Integumentary systems

Measurable Outcomes

- Name the anatomical structures of integumentary and muscular systems on available models.

- Distinguish between the types of muscular tissue from histology slides.

- Determine the layers of the integument from histology slides.

- Demonstrate an adequate understand of the material in this section.

Background

The body’s first line of defense against pathogens and other microbes is the skin. The skin is multi-layered and it functions to maintain homeostasis, retain water, synthesize vitamin D and regulate body temperature (thermoregulation). It is made of two chief layers: the epidermis, made of closely packed epithelial cells, and the dermis, made of dense, irregular connective tissue which houses blood vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands, and other structures. Beneath the dermis lies the hypodermis, which is composed mainly of loose connective and fatty tissues. One of skin’s accessory structures, nails, are considered to be specialized structures of the epidermis found at the tips of fingers and toes. Other accessory structures, sudoriferous glands, produce sweat which cools the body by evaporation. Skin is the largest continuous organ of the body, encompassing approximately 16 percent of our body weight.

The muscular system is an intricate network of contractile tissue which works antagonistically in order to move the body. The action of walking requires roughly 200 different muscles alone. Besides skeletal muscles, there are also cardiac muscle and smooth muscle. Cardiac muscle is found uniquely in the heart and is responsible for pumping blood through the circulatory system. Smooth muscle is the type of muscle involved in involuntary movements such as peristalsis which propel boluses through the GI tract. Skeletal muscle is also known as striated muscle, as is cardiac muscle. As you approach the muscles in this lab, make note of which muscles may be named after their shape and which ones may be named after their location or their attachments to the skeleton. Individually, all cells, with the exception of sperm, are unable to move on their own. Nevertheless, with bones as there scaffold, muscles are able to produce movent through a complex series of metabolic reactions.

Vocabulary for Muscles and Integumentary systems can be found on page(s) 166-167 and 166.

Pre-Lab 10

(5 points)

Last Name: _______________________ First Name: _______________________

Instructions:

Fill in the table below with the appropriate terms. For the remaining exercises, label the structures accordingly.

(1 point)

Name of a structure

is

directional term

to

Name of the second structure

trapezius

is

proximal

to

pectoralis major

diaphragm

is

superior

to

is

inferior

to

scalenes

rectus abdominis

is

anterior

to

is

distal

to

biceps femoris

pectoralis minor

is

medial

to

is

lateral

to

external oblique

Label the major muscles. (0.5 points)

This is the ( ventral /dorsal ) aspect of the body. (circle one)

Label the major muscles of the body. (0.5 points)

This is the ( ventral /dorsal ) aspect of the body. (circle one)

Label the muscles of the head. (0.25 points)

Label the muscles of the eye. (0.25 points)

Label the major abdominal muscles. (0.25 points)

Label the major muscles of the lower leg. (0.25 points)

Label the layers of the epidermis. (0.5 points)

Label the layers of integument and accessory structures. (0.5 points)

Lab Activities

A list of words is provided below that you are expected to identify, learn, and label on the models provided. Note that not all models will have some of the organs/structures, so be sure to find them on an alternate model. You must use all the words provided. Using the colored tape provided, write the number that corresponds to the organ/structure and place them on your model. When complete, notify your TA so they may check your work.

For each additional station, directions will be provided for the activity.

Station One: Muscles of the Upper Body

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when applicable.

Muscles of the Head and Neck

#1 epicranial aponeurosis

#7 nasalis

#13 zygomaticus minor

#19 sternocleidomastoid

#2 front belly of occipitofrontalis

#8 orbicularis oculi

#14 zygomaticus major

#20 platysma

#3 occipital belly of occipitofrontalis

#9 levator labii superioris

#15 buccinator

#21 sternohyoid

#4 temporalis

#10 levator anguli oris

#16 risorius

#22 scalenes

#5 auricularis superior

#11 depressor anguli oris

#17 orbicularis oris

#6 procerus

#12 depressor labii inferioris

#18 mentalis

Muscles of the Eye

#23 levator palpebrae superioris

#25 medial rectus

#27 inferior recuts

#29 superior oblique

#24 lateral recuts

#26 superior rectus

#28 inferior oblique

#30 trochlea

Muscles of the Arms

#31 deltoid

#33 clavicular part of deltoid

#35 coracobrachialis

#37 biceps brachii

#39 brachioradialis

#32 acromial part of deltoid

#34 spinal part of deltoid

#36 triceps brachii

#38 brachialis

#40 extensor digitorum

Station Two: Muscles of the Back and Abdomen

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when applicable.

#1 trapezius

#7 teres major

#13 pectoralis minor

#19 internal intercostals

#2 levator scapulae

#8 teres minor

#14 serratus anterior

#20 external intercostals

#3 splenius capitis

#9 rhomboid major

#15 recuts abdominis

#21 diaphragm

#4 supraspinatus

#10 rhomboid minor

#16 external oblique

#5 infraspinatus

#11 latissimus dorsi

#17 internal oblique

#6 subscapularis

#12 pectoralis major

#18 transversus abdominis

Station Three: Muscles of the Lower Body

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Note: For the following structures, be able to differentiate between left and right halves when applicable.

#1 gluteus maximus

#7 vastus lateralis

#13 gracilis

#19 extensor digitorum longus

#2 gluteus medius

#8 vastus intermedius

#14 adductor longus

#20 fibularis longus

#3 gluteus minimus

#9 hamstrings

#15 pectineus

#21 tibialis anterior

#4 quadriceps

#10 biceps femoris

#16 sartorius

#22 flexor digitorum longus

#5 rectus femoris

#11 semitendionosus

#17 gastrocnemius

#23 tibialis posterior

#6 vastus medialis

#12 semimembranosus

#18 soleus

Station Four: Histology – Muscle

Sketch the slides available for today’s lab and specify the magnitude at which you are observing/ sketching. Be sure to identify and label your sketch with the corresponding structures listed beneath each slide.

Striated muscle

Cardiac muscle
Intercalated discs

Station Five: Histology – Integumentary

Sketch the slides available for today’s lab and specify the magnitude at which you are observing/ sketching. Be sure to identify and label your sketch with the corresponding structures listed beneath each slide.

Skin of palm
Epidermis, Dermis, Papillary layer, Reticular layer

Human scalp w/hair follicle
Epidermis, Dermis, Arrecotr pili muscle, Sebaceous gland, Dermal papilla, Hair follicle, Hair bulb

Squamous epithelium

Station Six: Integumentary

Label the models of this station with the number that corresponds to the appropriate structure of the peripheral nervous system using the colored tape. When you are finished, ask your TA to check your labeling. Before leaving the station, remove all the labels you have placed on the model.

Skin

#1 epidermis

#5 stratum spinosum

#9 papillary layer

#13 hypodermis superficial fascia

#2 stratum corneum

#6 stratum basale

#10 reticular layer

#14 lamellated corpuscles

#3 stratum lucidum

#7 epidermal ridges

#11 dermal papillae

#15 thin (hairy) skin

#4 stratum granulosum

#8 dermis

#12 subcutaneous layer (Hypodermis)

#16 thick (hairless) skin

#17 squamous epithelium

Hair

#18 pili

#20 hair root

#22 bulb

#19 hair shaft

#21 hair follicle

#23 arrector pili muscles

Glands

#24 sebaceous

#26 eccrine sweat

#28 ceruminous

#25 sudoriferous

#27 aprocrine

Nail

#29 nail body (nail plate)

#31 lunula

#33 nail bed

#30 free edge

#32 eponychium (cuticle)

Post-Lab 10 Questions

(2 points)

Last Name: _______________________  First Name: _________________________

1. What muscles,  in the dermis are responsible for erecting hair follicles? (0.5 points)

2. While examining a patient’s eye, a doctor instructs them to move their right eye upward, to the left. Which muscles of the eye were utilized to perform this task? (0.5 points)

3. What muscle of the cervical region has two origins? (0.5 points)

4. What is the primary muscle used for normal breathing? Which additional muscles are utilized to increase inspiration and expiration during strenuous exercise? (0.5 points)

Vocabulary

Vocabulary

Anatomical Language

1. Frontal (coronal)

2. Transverse

3. Sagittal

4. Anterior (Ventral)

5. Posterior (Dorsal)

6. Proximal

7. Distal

8. Superior

9. Inferior

10. Lateral

11. Medial

12. Deep

13. Superficial

14. Parietal

15. Visceral

16. Cephalic

17. Cranial

18. Ocular (orbital)

19. Auricular (Otic)

20. Buccal

21. Nasal

22. Oral

23. Cervical

24. Acromial

25. Scapular

26. Brachial

27. Cubital

28. Antecubital

29. Olecranal

30. Antebrachial

31. Carpal (carpus)

32. Palmar

33. Digital (phalangeal)

34. Thoracic

35. Mammary

36. Abdominal

37. Hepatic

38. Renal

39. Umbilical

40. Lumbar

41. Pelvic

42. Inguinal

43. Pubic

44. Sacral

45. Gluteal

46. Femoral

47. Patellar

48. Popliteal

49. Crural

50. Sural

51. Tarsal (tarsus)

52. Calcaneal

53. Pedal

54. Plantar

55. Right hypochondriac region

56. Epigastric region

57. Left hypochondriac region

58. Right lumbar region

59. Umbilical region

60. Left lumbar region

61. Right iliac region

62. Hypogastric region

63. Left iliac region

64. Process

65. Tuberosity

66. Condyle

67. Epicondyle

68. Fissure

69. Sulcus

70. Gyrus

71. Foramen

72. Foramina

73. Meatus

74. Facet

75. Fossa

76. Fundus

77. Hilum

78. Isthmus

79. Septum

80. Raphe

81. Ampulla

Bones and Bone Markings

1. Compact bone

2. Osteon

3. Lamellae

4. Lacunae

5. Volkmann’s canal

6. Haversian (Central) canal

7. Spongy bone

8. Ground bone

9. Axial skeleton

10. Skull

11. Frontal bone

12. Parietal bone

13. Temporal bone

14. External auditory meatus

15. Mastoid process

16. Styloid process

17. Occipital bone

18. External occipital protuberance

19. Ethmoid bone

20. Cribriform plate

21. Olfactory foramina

22. Sphenoid bone

23. Zygomatic bone (arch)

24. Zygomatic process of temporal bone

25. Temporal process of zygomatic bone

26. Palatine bone

27. Nasal bone

28. Vomer

29. Lacrimal bone

30. Superior nasal conchae

31. Middle nasal conchae

32. Inferior nasal conchae

33. Mandible

34. Maxilla

35. Hyoid bone

36. Foramen magnum

37. Jugular foramen

38. Foramen Ovale

39. Sella Turcica

40. Coronal suture

41. Sagittal suture

42. Lambdoid suture

43. Vertebrae

44. Body of vertebra

45. Vertebral foramen

46. Lamina

47. Spinous process

48. Transverse process

49. Superior articular process

50. Inferior articular process

51. Facet of the superior articular process

52. Facet of the inferior articular process

53. Cervical region

54. Bifid spinous process

55. Transverse foramen

56. Atlas

57. Axis

58. Dens

59. Thoracic region

60. Lumbar region

61. Sacrum

62. Coccyx

63. Intervertebral foramen

64. Intervertebral disc

65. Sternum

66. Manubrium

67. Sternal body

68. Xiphoid Process

69. Ribs

70. Costal cartilage

71. Appendicular Skeleton

72. Clavicle

73. Acromial end of clavicle

74. Sternal end of clavicle

75. Scapula

76. Glenoid cavity

77. Spine of scapula

78. Acromion

79. Coracoid process

80. Supraspinous fossa

81. Infraspinatus fossa

82. Subscapular fossa

83. Humerus

84. Humeral head

85. Neck of humerus

86. Greater tubercle

87. Lesser tubercle

88. Trochlea

89. Capitulum

90. Coronoid fossa

91. Radial fossa

92. Medial epicondyle

93. Lateral epicondyle

94. Olecranon fossa

95. Ulna

96. Ulnar head

97. Olecranon

98. Trochlear notch

99. Coracoid process

100. Radial notch

101. Styloid process of ulna

102. Radius

103. Radial head

104. Neck of radius

105. Radial tuberosity

106. Styloid process of radius

107. Carpals

108. Metacarpals

109. Phalanges

110. Distal phalanges

111. Middle phalanges

112. Proximal phalanges

113. Ilium

114. Iliac crest

115. Ischium

116. Ischial spine

117. Pubis

118. Pubic symphysis

119. Acetabulum

120. Femur

121. Femoral head

122. Neck of femur

123. Greater trochanter

124. Lesser trochanter

125. Medial epicondyle

126. Lateral epicondyle

127. Lateral condyle

128. Medial condyle

129. Intercondylar fossa

130. Patella

131. Tibia

132. Lateral condyle

133. Medial condyle

134. Medial malleolus

135. Fibula

136. Fibular head

137. Lateral malleolus

138. Tarsals

139. Calcaneus

140. Metatarsals

141. Phalanges

Brain and Cranial Nerves

1. Brain

2. Grey matter

3. White matter

4. Gyrus (convulsions)

5. Fissure

6. Sulci

7. Precentral gyrus

8. Postcentral gyrus

9. Lateral cerebral sulcus

10. Central sulcus

11. Parieto-occipital sulcus

12. Transverse fissure

13. Longitudinal fissure

14. Dura mater

15. Falx cerebri

16. Falx cerebelli

17. Tentorium cerebelli

18. Arachnoid mater

19. Pia mater

20. Septum pellucidum

21. Lateral ventricles

22. Interventricular foramen

23. Third ventricles

24. Cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of midbrain)

25. Fourth ventricles

26. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

27. Choroid plexuses

28. Cerebrum

29. Cerebral cortex

30. Frontal lobe

31. Temporal lobe

32. Parietal lobe

33. Occipital lobe

34. Insula

35. Basal Nuclei

36. Corpus Callosum

37. Fornix

38. Cingulate gyrus

39. Cerebellum

40. Cerebellar peduncles

41. Vermis

42. Folia

43. Arbor vitae

44. Brainstem

45. Pons

46. Medulla oblongata

47. Midbrain

48. Cerebral peduncles

49. Tectum (Corpora quadrigemina) (Superior and inferior colliculi)

50. Diencephalon

51. Thalamus

52. Epithalamus

53. Pineal gland

54. Hypothalamus

55. Pituitary gland

56. Infundibulum

57. Optic chiasm

58. Mammillary bodies

59. Olfactory nerve (I)

60. Optic nerve (II)

61. Oculomotor nerve (III)

62. Trochlear nerve (IV)

63. Trigeminal nerve (V)

64. Abducens nerve (VI)

65. Facial nerve (VII)

66. Acoustic/Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

67. Glossopharyngeal nerves (IX)

68. Vagus nerve (X)

69. Accessory/Spinal nerve (XI)

70. Hypoglossal nerve (XII)

Cardiovascular System

1. Artery

2. Vein

3. Blood

4. Erythrocytes

5. Leukocytes

6. Granular leukocytes

7. Neutrophils

8. Eosinophils

9. Basophils

10. Agranular leukocytes

11. Monocytes

12. Lymphocytes

13. Thrombocytes

14. Cardiac muscle

15. Intercalated discs

16. Striated

17. Apex

18. Base

19. Auricles

20. Anterior interventricular sulcus

21. Posterior interventricular sulcus

22. Coronary sulcus

23. Pericardium

24. Epicardium

25. Myocardium

26. Endocardium

27. L/R atria

28. Pectinate muscles

29. Interatrial septum

30. L/R ventricles

31. Interventricular septum

32. Papillary muscles

33. Chordae tendineae

34. Trabeculae carneae

35. Atrioventricular valves

36. Tricuspid valves

37. Bicuspid valves

38. Semilunar valves

39. Pulmonary valves

40. Aortic Valves

41. Epicardial fat

42. Coronary circulation

43. Coronary arteries

44. Anterior interventricular branch

45. Circumflex branch

46. Right coronary artery

47. Posterior interventricular branch

48. Marginal branch

49. Cardiac vein

50. Great cardiac vein

51. Middle cardiac vein

52. Small cardiac vein

53. Anterior cardiac veins

54. Coronary sinus

55. Pulmonary circulation

56. Pulmonary trunk

57. L/R pulmonary arteries

58. Pulmonary capillaries

59. Pulmonary veins

60. Anastomoses

61. Systemic circulation

62. Ascending aorta

63. Arch of aorta

64. Descending aorta

65. Brachiocephalic trunk

66. L/R common carotid arteries

67. L/R internal carotid arteries

68. L/R external carotid arteries

69. L/R subclavian arteries

70. L/R vertebral arteries

71. Basilar artery

72. Circle of Willis

73. Posterior cerebral artery

74. Posterior communicating artery

75. Middle cerebral

76. Anterior cerebral artery

77. Anterior communicating artery

78. L/R Axillary arteries

79. L/R Radial arteries

80. L/R Ulnar arteries

81. Thoracic aorta

82. Abdominal aorta

83. L/R suprarenal arteries

84. L/R renal arteries

85. L/R gonadal arteries

86. Inferior mesenteric artery

87. Superior mesenteric artery

88. Celiac trunk

89. Common hepatic artery

90. Splenic artery

91. Lumbar arteries (4 pairs, R/L)

92. L/R common iliac arteries

93. L/R external iliac arteries

94. L/R internal iliac arteries

95. L/R femoral arteries

96. L/R deep femoral arteries

97. L/R popliteal arteries

98. L/R anterior tibial arteries

99. L/R posterior tibial arteries

100. L/R fibular artery

101. Superior vena cava

102. Inferior vena cava

103. L/R brachiocephalic veins

104. L/R internal jugular veins

105. L/R subclavian veins

106. L/R external jugular veins

107. L/R axillary veins

108. L/R brachial veins

109. L/R cephalic veins

110. L/R basilic veins

111. L/R median cubital veins

112. L/R radial veins

113. L/R ulnar veins

114. L/R median antebrachial veins

115. Azygos vein

116. Hemiazygos vein

117. Accessory Hemiazygos vein

118. L/R ascending Lumbar veins

119. L/R gonadal veins

120. L/R renal veins

121. L/R suprarenal veins

122. L/R hepatic veins

123. Hepatic portal vein

124. Inferior mesenteric vein

125. Splenic vein

126. Superior mesenteric vein

127. Inferior phrenic vein

128. L/R common iliac veins

129. L/R internal iliac veins

130. L/R external iliac veins

131. L/R femoral veins

132. L/R great Saphenous veins

133. L/R popliteal veins

134. L/R small Saphenous veins

135. L/R anterior tibial veins

136. L/R fibular veins

Digestive System

1. Mouth

2. Labial frenulum

3. Fauces

4. Hard palate

5. Soft palate

6. Uvula

7. Tongue

8. Lingual frenulum

9. Fungiform papillae

10. Filiform papillae

11. Circumvallate papillae

12. Tastebud

13. Taste pore

14. Teeth

15. Incisor

16. Canine

17. Premolar

18. Molar

19. Crown

20. Neck

21. Root

22. Enamel

23. Dentin

24. Pulp cavity

25. Pulp

26. Apical foramen

27. Cementum

28. Periodontal ligament

29. Gingiva

30. Salivary glands

31. Submandibular gland

32. Parotid gland

33. Sublingual gland

34. Esophagus

35. Upper esophageal sphincter

36. Lower esophageal sphincter

37. Stomach

38. Gastric pits

39. Gastric glands

40. Fundus

41. Cardia

42. Gastric body

43. Rugae

44. Pylorus

45. Pyloric sphincter

46. Longitudinal muscle layer

47. Circular muscle layer

48. Oblique muscle layer

49. Liver

50. Right lobe of liver

51. Left lobe of liver

52. Right hepatic duct

53. Left hepatic duct

54. Common hepatic duct

55. Hepatic lobule

56. Hepatic canaliculi

57. Falciform ligament

58. Gallbladder

59. Fundus of gallbladder

60. Body of gallbladder

61. Neck of gallbladder

62. Cystic duct

63. Common bile duct

64. Pancreas

65. Exocrine cells

66. Acinar cells

67. Endocrine cells

68. Islets of Langerhan

69. Pancreatic tail

70. Pancreatic head

71. Pancreatic body

72. Uncinate process

73. Accessory duct

74. Pancreatic duct

75. Small Intestine

76. Microvilli

77. Vili

78. Mucosa

79. Submucosa

80. Muscularis

81. Serosa

82. Enterocytes

83. Plicae circulares (circular folds)

84. Duodenum

85. Ampulla of Vater

86. Sphincter of Oddi

87. Jejunum

88. Ileum

89. Ileocecal valve

90. Large Intestine

91. Crypts

92. Mucosa

93. Submucosa

94. Muscularis

95. Serosa

96. Cecum

97. Vermiform appendix

98. Ascending colon

99. Right colic flexure

100. Transverse colon

101. Left colic flexure

102. Descending colon

103. Sigmoid colon

104. Teniae coli

105. Haustra

106. Epiploic (omental) appendices

107. Rectum

108. Anal canal

109. Anal sphincter

110. Anus

111. Peritoneum

112. Mesentery of transverse colon

113. Greater omentum

114. Lesser omentum

115. Mesoappendix

Integumentary System

1. Skin

2. Epidermis

3. Stratum corneum

4. Stratum lucidum

5. Stratum ganulosum

6. Stratum spinosum

7. Stratum basale

8. Epidermal ridges

9. Dermis

10. Papillary layer

11. Reticular layer

12. Dermal Papillae

13. Subcutaneous layer (Hypodermis)

14. Hypodermis superficial fascia

15. Lamellated corpuscles

16. Thin (hairy) skin

17. Thick (hairless) skin

18. Hair (pili)

19. Hair shaft

20. Hair root

21. Hair follicle

22. Bulb

23. Arrector pili muscles

24. Sebaceous gland

25. Sudoriferous glands

26. Eccrine sweat gland

27. Apocrine sweat gland

28. Ceruminous gland

29. Nail

30. Nail body (nail plate)

31. Free edge

32. Lunula

33. Eponychium (cuticle)

34. Nail bed

35. Squamous epithelium

Muscular System

1. Striated muscle

2. Skeletal muscle

3. Cardiac muscle

4. Intercalated discs

5. Smooth muscle

6. Epicranial aponeurosis

7. Front belly of Occipitofrontalis

8. Occipital belly of Occipitofrontalis

9. Temporalis

10. Auricularis Superior

11. Orbicularis Oculi

12. Levator palpebrae superioris

13. Lateral rectus

14. Medial rectus

15. Superior rectus

16. Inferior rectus

17. Inferior oblique

18. Superior oblique

19. Trochlea

20. Procerus

21. Nasalis

22. Levator labii superioris

23. Levator anguli oris

24. Depressor anguli oris

25. Depressor labii inferioris

26. Zygomaticus minor

27. Zygomaticus major

28. Buccinator

29. Risorius

30. Orbicularis oris

31. Mentalis

32. Sternocleidomastoids

33. Scalenes

34. Platysma

35. Sternohyoid muscle

36. Deltoid

37. Acromial part of deltoid

38. Clavicular part of deltoid

39. Spinal part of deltoid

40. Coracobrachialis

41. Triceps brachii

42. Biceps brachii

43. Brachialis

44. Brachioradialis

45. Extensor digitorum

46. Trapezius

47. Levator scapulae

48. Splenius Capitis

49. Splenius  cervicis

50. Supraspinatus

51. Infraspinatus

52. Subscapularis

53. Teres minor

54. Teres major

55. Rhomboid major

56. Rhomboid minor

57. Latissimus dorsi

58. Pectoralis minor

59. Pectoralis major

60. Serratus anterior

61. Rectus abdominis

62. External oblique

63. Internal oblique

64. Transversus abdominis

65. Internal intercostals

66. External intercostals

67. Transversus thoracis

68. Serratus posterior

69. Diaphragm

70. Gluteus maximus

71. Gluteus medius

72. Gluteus minimus

73. Quadriceps

74. Rectus femoris

75. Vastus medialis

76. Vastus lateralis

77. Vastus intermedius

78. Hamstrings

79. Biceps femoris

80. Semitendinosus

81. Semimembranosus

82. Gracilis

83. Adductor longus

84. Pectineus

85. Sartorius

86. Gastrocnemius

87. Soleus

88. Extensor digitorum longus

89. Fibularis longus

90. Tibialis anterior

91. Flexor digitorum longus

92. Tibialis posterior

93. Masseter

94. Hyoglossus

95. Styloglossus

96. Palatoglossus

97. Pharyngeal muscles

98. Superior constrictor

99. Middle constrictor

100. Inferior constrictor

Reproductive System

MALE

1. Pubic symphysis

2. Dartos muscle

3. Cremaster muscle

4. Scrotum

5. Scrotal septum

6. Testis

7. Lobules

8. Leydig cells

9. Sertoli cells

10. Sperm

11. Head of sperm

12. Midpiece of sperm

13. Tail of sperm

14. Seminiferous tubules

15. Straight tubule

16. Rete testis

17. Epididymis

18. Ductus (Vas) deferens

19. Ampulla of ductus deferens

20. Prostate

21. Seminal Vesicles

22. Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands

23. Ejaculatory ducts

24. Prostatic urethra

25. Intermediate Urethra

26. Spongy urethra

27. Penis

28. Corpus cavernosum

29. Corpus spongiosum

30. Glans penis

31. Prepuce of penis

32. External urethral orifice

33. Root of Penis

34. Bulb of Penis

35. Crus of Penis

36. Suspensory Ligament of Penis

37. Spermatic cord

38. Deep muscle of perineum

FEMALE

1. Pubic symphysis

2. Placenta

3. Ovary

4. Ova

5. Mature (Graafian) follicle

6. Ovarian ligament

7. Uterine (Fallopian) tube

8. Fimbriae of uterine tube

9. Infundibulum of uterine tube

10. Ampulla of uterine tube

11. Isthmus of uterine tube

12. Broad ligament

13. Round ligament

14. Uterosacral ligament

15. Uterus

16. Endometrium

17. Myometrium

18. Perimetrium

19. Uterine cavity

20. Fundus of uterus

21. Body of uterus

22. Isthmus

23. Cervix

24. external os

25. internal os

26. Vagina

27. Fornix

28. Rugae

29. Vaginal orifice

30. Mons pubis

31. Vulva

32. Labia majora

33. Labia minora

34. Vestibule

35. Clitoris

36. External urethral orifice

37. Vestibular glands

38. Breast

39. Areola

40. Nipple

41. Mammary glands

42. Lobule

43. Lactiferous ducts

44. Lactiferous sinus

45. Mammary ducts

46. Mammary alveoli

Respiratory System

1. Nose

2. Root

3. Bridge

4. Apex

5. Lateral nasal cartilages

6. Septal nasal cartilage

7. Major alar cartilages

8. Minor cartilages

9. External naris (nostril)

10. Nasal cavity

11. Nasal Conchae (Superior, Middle, Inferior)

12. Nasal Meatuses (Superior, Middle, Inferior)

13. Pharynx

14. Nasopharynx

15. Oropharynx

16. Laryngopharynx

17. Lingual tonsils

18. Palatine tonsils

19. Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)

20. Hard palate

21. Soft palate

22. Uvula

23. Larynx

24. Epiglottis

25. Vestibular folds

26. Vocal folds

27. Thyrohyoid membrane

28. Thyroid cartilage

29. Arytenoid cartilages

30. Corniculate cartilages

31. Cuneiform cartilage

32. Cricothyroid ligament

33. Cricoid cartilage

34. Cricotracheal ligament

35. Tracheal cartilages

36. Trachea

37. Esophagus

38. Carina

39. Primary (main) bronchi

40. Secondary (lobar) bronchi

41. Tertiary (segmental) bronchi

42. Terminal Bronchioles

43. Respiratory Bronchioles

44. Alveolar ducts

45. Alveolar sacs

46. Alveoli

47. L/R lungs

48. Apex of lung

49. Base of lung

50. Superior lobe

51. Inferior lobe

52. Middle lobe

53. Cardiac notch

54. Horizontal fissure

55. Oblique fissure

56. Hilum

57. Primary muscles of inhalation

58. Diaphragm

59. External intercostal muscles

60. Accessory muscle of inhalation

61. Scalenes

62. Sternocleidomastoid

63. Muscles of exhalation

64. Internal intercostal muscles

65. External oblique

66. Internal oblique

67. Transverse abdominis

68. Rectus abdominis

69. Pulmonary circulation

70. Pulmonary trunk

71. Pulmonary arteries

72. Pulmonary capillaries

73. Pulmonary veins

Special Senses

1. Eye

2. Palpebral conjunctiva

3. Bulbar conjunctiva

4. Fibrous tunic

5. Sclera

6. Cornea

7. Vascular tunic

8. Iris

9. Pupil

10. Lens

11. Choroid

12. Ciliary body

13. Neural tunic

14. Retina

15. Pigmented layer

16. Neural layer

17. Optic disc

18. Macula lutea

19. Fovea centralis

20. Rods

21. Cones

22. Bipolar cells

23. Horizontal cells

24. Ganglion cells

25. Optic nerve (CN II)

26. Optic chiasm

27. Optic tract

28. Primary visual area

29. Anterior chamber

30. Aqueous humor

31. Posterior chamber

32. Vitreous humor (vitreous body)

33. Superior rectus

34. Inferior rectus

35. Lateral rectus

36. Medial Rectus

37. Superior oblique

38. Inferior oblique

39. Levator palpebrae superioris

40. Lacrimal apparatus

41. Lacrimal gland

42. Lacrimal puncta

43. Superior lacrimal canaliculi

44. Inferior lacrimal canaliculi

45. Lacrimal sac

46. Nasolacrimal duct

47. Outer ear

48. Middle ear

49. Inner ear

50. Auricle (pinna)

51. Helix

52. Lobule

53. External auditory meatus

54. External auditory canal

55. Ceruminous glands

56. Tympanic membrane

57. Auditory ossicles

58. Malleus

59. Incus

60. Stapes

61. Eustachian tube

62. Oval window

63. Round window

64. Bony labyrinth

65. Semicircular canals

66. Vestibule

67. Cochlea

68. Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

69. Membranous labyrinth

70. Semicircular ducts

71. Utricle

72. Saccule

73. Organ of Corti

74. Primary auditory area

75. Superior nasal conchae

76. Middle nasal conchae

77. Inferior nasal conchae

78. Superior nasal meatus

79. Middle nasal meatus

80. Inferior nasal meatus

81. Olfactory epithelium

82. Olfactory glands

83. Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

84. Olfactory foramina

85. Olfactory receptors

86. Olfactory nerve (CN I)

87. Olfactory bulb

88. Olfactory tract

89. Primary olfactory area

90. Tongue

91. Lingual tonsils

92. Palatine tonsils

93. Lingual papillae

94. Fungiform papillae

95. Filiform papillae

96. Foliate papillae

97. Circumvallate papillae

98. Taste bud

99. Taste pore

100. Facial nerve (CN VII)

101. Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

102. Vagus nerve (CN X)

103. Thalamus

104. Primary gustatory area

Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves

1. Spinal cord

2. Sympathetic ganglion

3. Vertebral column

4. Spinal meninges

5. Dura mater

6. Arachnoid mater

7. Pia mater

8. Denticulate ligaments

9. Subarachnoid space

10. Subdural space

11. Epidural space

12. Cervical innervation segment

13. Thoracic innervation segment

14. Lumbar innervation segment

15. Sacral innervation segment

16. Cervical enlargement

17. Lumbar enlargement

18. Conus medullaris

19. Filum terminale

20. Cauda equina

21. Anterior median fissure

22. Posterior median sulcus

23. Lateral white columns

24. Anterior white columns

25. Posterior white columns

26. Posterior gray horns

27. Anterior gray horns

28. Lateral gray horns

29. Posterior gray commissure

30. Anterior white commissure

31. Central canal

32. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

33. Cranial nerves

34. Thoracic nerves

35. Lumbar nerves

36. Sacral nerves

37. Coccygeal nerve

38. Cervical plexus

39. Lesser occipital nerve

40. Great auricular nerve

41. Transverse cervical nerve

42. Supraclavicular

43. Superior root of Ansa cervicalis nerve

44. Inferior root of Ansa cervicalis nerve

45. Phrenic nerve

46. Segmental branches

47. Brachial plexus

48. Dorsal scapular nerve

49. Long thoracic nerve

50. Nerve to subclavius

51. Suprascapular nerve

52. Musculocutaneous nerve

53. Lateral pectoral nerve

54. Upper subscapular nerve

55. Thoracodorsal nerve

56. Lower subscapular nerve

57. Axillary nerve

58. Median nerve

59. Radial nerve

60. Medial pectoral nerve

61. Medial cutaneous nerve of arm

62. Medial cutaneous nerve of forearm

63. Ulnar nerve

64. Lumbar plexus

65. Iliohypogastric nerve

66. Ilioinguinal nerve

67. Genitofemoral nerve

68. Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh

69. Femoral nerve

70. Obturator nerve

71. Sacral plexus

72. Superior gluteal nerve

73. Inferior gluteal nerve

74. Nerve to piriformis

75. Nerve to quadratus

76. Nerve to obturator internus and superior gemellus

77. Perforating cutaneous nerve

78. Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh

79. Pudendal nerve

80. Sciatic nerve

81. Tibial, median plantar nerve

82. Tibial, lateral plantar nerve

83. Superficial common fibular nerve

84. Deep common fibular nerve

Urinary System

1. L/R kidneys

2. Renal fascia

3. Adipose capsule

4. Renal capsule

5. Renal cortex

6. Renal medulla

7. Renal lobe

8. Renal pyramid

9. Renal columns

10. Renal papilla

11. Renal sinus

12. Renal pelvis

13. Renal hilum

14. Renal artery

15. Segmental arteries

16. Interlobar arteries

17. Arcuate arteries

18. Cortical radiate arteries

19. Afferent arterioles

20. Glomerular capillaries

21. Efferent arterioles

22. Peritubular capillaries

23. Cortical radiate veins

24. Arcuate veins

25. Interlobar veins

26. Renal vein

27. Ureter

28. Urinary bladder

29. Detrusor muscle

30. Rugae

31. Urinary trigone

32. Internal urethral sphincter

33. External Urethral sphincter

34. Urethra

35. External urethral orifice

36. Nephron

37. Cortical nephron

38. Juxtamedullary nephron

39. Juxtaglomerular apparatus

40. Renal corpuscle

41. Glomerulus

42. Podocyte

43. Bowman’s capsule

44. Capsular space (Bowman’s space)

45. Renal tubules

46. Proximal convoluted tubule

47. Descending loop of Henle

48. Ascending loop of Henle

49. Distal convoluted tubules

50. Collecting duct

51. Papillary duct

52. Minor calyx

53. Major calyx

Links by Chapter

Front Matter

Mavs Open Press (https://library.uta.edu/scholcomm/mavs-open-press)

Creative Commons licenses (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/)

OER (https://library.uta.edu/scholcomm/open-education/oer)

Pressbooks Accessibility Policy (https://pressbooks.org/blog/2018/05/01/our-accessibility-policy-and-forthcoming-accessibility-improvements)

Open Education at UTA (http://libguides.uta.edu/utacares)

OER Adoption Form (https://uta.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_8HTkgCym5Q6Mk7j)

BCcampus Open Education (https://open.bccampus.ca/)

Image Credits

Images are individually licensed as noted below.

Lab 1

“Planes of body” by OpenStax College is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

“Abdominal Quadrant Regions” by OpenStax College is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

“Directional Terms” by OpenStax College is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

“Regions of Human Body” by OpenStax College is licensed under CC BY 4.0.

“1916 Leukocyte Key” by OpenStax College is licensed under CC by 3.0.

“Compact bone” by Lord of Konrad is in the public domain. It was accessed via Wikimedia Commons.

“1313 Spinal Cord Cross Section” by OpenStax College is licensed under CC BY 4.0.

“Renal corpuscle” by Ed Uthman is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0.

Lab 2

“705 Lateral View of Skull-01” by OpenStax College is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

“707 Superior-Inferior View of Skull Base-01” by OpenStax College is licensed under CC BY 3.1.

“Vertebra Superior View” by BodyParts3D/Anatomography is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0.

“Right scapula – close-up – anterior view” by Anatomography is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.1 JP.

“Right scapula – close-up – posterior view” by Anatomography is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.1JP.

“804 Humerus and Elbow” by OpenStax College is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

“805 Ulna and Radius” by OpenStax College is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

“810 Femur and Patella” by OpenStax College is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

“811 Tibia and fibula” by OpenStax College is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

Lab 3

N/A

Lab 4

“1306 Lobes of Cerebral CortexN” by OpenStax College is licensed under CC BY 4.0.

“PSM V46 D168 Mesial view of the human brain” is in the public domain. It was accessed via Wikimedia Commons.

“Blausen 0896 Ventricles Brain” by BruceBlaus is licensed under a CC BY 3.0 Unported license.

“1320 The Cranial Nerves” by OpenStax College is licensed under CC BY 4.0.

Lab 5

“1402 The Tongue” by OpenStax College is licensed under CC BY 4.0.

“1403 Olfaction” by OpenStax College is licensed under CC BY 4.0.

“1404 The Structures of the Ear” by OpenStax College is licensed under CC BY 4.0.

“1412 Extraocular Muscles” by OpenStax College is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

“1413 Structure of the Eye” by OpenStax College is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

Lab 6

N/A

Lab 7

“2014ab Coronary Blood Vessels” by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

“2008 Internal Anatomy of the HeartN” by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

“2005 Surface Anatomy of the Heart” by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

“2120 Major Systemic Artery” by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

“2131 Major Systemic Veins” by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

Lab 8

“2401 Components of the Digestive System” by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

“2402 Layers of the Gastrointestinal Tract” by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

“2406 Structures of the Mouth” by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

“2408 Salivary Glands” by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

“2414 Stomach” by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0 .

“Liver Gallbladder SI” by Andrea Campo-Velez is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.

“Blausen 0604 LargeIntestine2” by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

Lab 9

“2610 The Kidney” by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

“2611 Blood Flow in the Nephron” by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

“2605 The Bladder” by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

“Figure 28 01 01” by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

“Image  from page 1340  of ‘Cunningham’s Text -book of anatomy’ (1914)” is in the public domain. It was accessed via the Internet Archive Book Images Flikr.

“Image  from ‘Anatomy of the Human  Body’ (1918) ” Is in the public domain. It was accessed via Wikimedia Commons.

“Figure 28 02 01” by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

“Figure 28 02 09” by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

Lab 10

“1105 Anterior and Posterior View of Muscles” by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 4.0.

“1106 Front and Side Views of the Muscles of Facial Expressions” by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 4.0.

“1107 The Extrinsic Eye Muscles” by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 4.0.

“1112 Muscles of the Abdomen” by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 4.0 .

“1123 Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes” by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 4.0.

“502 Layers of epidermis” by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0.

“501 Structure of the skin” by OpenStax is licensed under CC BY 3.0.